The Ernst Herzfeld Papers

The National Museum of Asian Art at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, houses a collection of about 30,000 documents originally belonging to the German architect and archaeologist Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948). They comprise photographs and negatives on glass plates, sketches, excavation journals, maps, and letters. The documents illustrate many epigraphic surveys Herzfeld conducted together with his colleague and friend the German semitist Moritz Sebastian Sobernheim (1872–1933), as well as his archaeological fieldwork in the Near East.¹ Following his retirement from Princeton University in 1944, Herzfeld sold his library containing rare books, his precious carpets and household furnishings, and his collection of ancient artifacts, and in May 1946 he returned to the Near East.² He was first in Aleppo and Damascus, and in the fall he finally moved to Cairo. There he fell ill, and in 1947 he joined his sister Charlotte in Switzerland to undergo medical treatment in Basel, where he died on January 21, 1948. In 1946, upon the encouragement of his friend Richard Ettinghausen, then curator of Near Eastern art at the Freer Gallery of Art, Herzfeld had donated the bulk of his documents to the Freer Gallery and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of what is now the National Museum of Asian Art.³ The rest of the documents were donated after his death by his heirs and friends to the same institution and to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.⁴ In the early 1950s, his sister Charlotte Bradford (formerly Brodführer) donated other documents to the Freer Gallery. The rest of Herzfeld’s papers and a manuscript that he had left at the French Institute in Cairo entered the Freer Gallery of Art Collection in 1952 and 1965.⁵ Additional documents were donated in 1960 and 1970 by one of Herzfeld’s friends, the leading American expert in Islamic numismatics Charles C. Miles.

While researching Moritz Sobernheim’s 1899 epigraphic survey of Palmyra, I consulted the online resources in the Ernst Herzfeld Papers, specifically the photographs of the paper squeezes of Palmyrene inscriptions from Herzfeld’s original negatives on glass plates measuring 13 by 18 centimeters, now housed at the National Museum of Asian Art. The images of the paper squeezes offer a glimpse of the early phases of epigraphic research at Palmyra.⁶ They also provide an invaluable record of inscribed artifacts now mostly lost after the destruction and plunder of the site and the Palmyra museum in 2015 and 2016. As the inventory notes accompanying Herzfeld’s glass negatives do not reference the inscriptions they illustrate, I identified each squeeze to provide the museum records with a significant element to complete the entries.

Among the images available for online consultation are family photographs that display Herzfeld and Sobernheim’s personal friendship and family relations. These last images, although not relevant to the discussion on the Palmyrene inscriptions and squeezes and their photographic reproduction, are important historical visual documents. Some of the family shots Herzfeld saved among his papers allow us to catch a glimpse into the world of renowned German Jewish scholars, patrons of the arts, and collectors, a world soon to be upset by persecution, flight, and relocation, and tragically disrupted.

Herzfeld’s Photographs and Early Epigraphic Surveys with Moritz Sobernheim

The Ernst Herzfeld Papers include glass negatives documenting the work on Palmyrene epigraphy by one of Herzfeld’s colleagues, Moritz Sebastian Sobernheim (1872–1933), a scholar with interests in Palmyrene and Islamic epigraphy who had visited Palmyra and nearby sites in 1899. Sobernheim surveyed the Palmyrene frescoed hypogeum known today as the Tomb of the Three Brothers, reexamined already known inscriptions, and made copies and paper squeezes of other new texts, which he published in an article in 1902.⁷ A larger collection of Palmyrene inscriptions appeared in a monograph he published in 1905.⁸ In preparing that contribution, Sobernheim worked on hand copies as well as on a group of paper squeezes he had received from Otto Puchstein (1856–1911), director of the German expedition to Baalbek, who made the squeezes during a field trip to Palmyra from Lebanon. From 1900 to 1914, Sobernheim, who was also a member of the archaeological expedition to Baalbek, made various epigraphic surveys in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. Herzfeld, who was also an architect and a skilled draftsman, collaborated with Sobernheim in preparing the architectural plans for the 1905 expedition to Baalbek.

In June and July 1908, Sobernheim and Herzfeld visited Aleppo, Hama, Homs, and other sites.⁹ A photograph taken in April 1908 shows them aboard a steamer in the Mediterranean on their way to Syria, with Maria Humann, wife of the German archaeologist Friedrich Sarre, with whom she was traveling to Egypt.¹⁰ Between March and May 1914, Sobernheim and Herzfeld continued their epigraphic mission in Aleppo and Damascus. They surveyed monuments and collected Islamic inscriptions as part of their ongoing project sponsored by the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, and directed by the Swiss Arabist Maximilien van Berchem (1863–1921). Their joint research project led to the publication of the series of monographs devoted to Islamic inscriptions from Egypt, Syria, Jerusalem, and Arabia, titled Matériaux pour un Corpus inscriptionum arabicarum: deuxième partie, Syrie du Nord; Inscriptions et monument d’Alep (1894–1985).¹¹ Their research is documented in glass negatives and photographs that are also part of the Herzfeld Papers archive.¹² In addition to details of inscriptions and their findspots, the negatives show images of the two scholars, sometimes accompanied by a colleague, local workers, or guides (see fig. 2b). Other photographs show Sobernheim at work, examining inscriptions and during visits to Aleppo and other sites (figs. 1a,b). In one picture, he sits pensively on a bench in the Great Synagogue in Aleppo, probably between 1908 and 1914 (fig. 2a). In 1916, Sobernheim, who was an active Zionist, became president of the Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft des Judentums (Society for the Promotion of Jewish Scholarship), and from 1918 to 1932, he was in charge of the departmente of Deutsch–Jüdische Beziehungen (German–Jewish Relations) at the German Foreign Office.¹³

Herzfeld and His Friends: The Sobernheims and the Hahns

The Herzfeld Papers contain numerous records of Herzfeld’s archaeological fieldwork, which included the excavation of the Islamic site of Samarra on the Tigris that he conducted between January 1911 and July 1913 together with Friedrich Sarre (1865–1945), head of the Islamic department at the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum in Berlin (now the Museum für Islamische Kunst). Once again, that project connected Herzfeld to Sobernheim and his family, and more precisely to Sobernheim’s sister Frida and her husband Georg Hahn.

Two photographs show a group of people in formal attire and are labeled “Professor Moritz Sobernheim family portrait, 1903/1904” (fig. 3a). Despite the lack of information, it seems probable that the photos were taken at a festive family celebration, perhaps an engagement or a marriage. Curiously, Moritz Sobernheim is not mentioned in the handwritten notes left by his son Rudolph in 1973 on a print from one of the two negatives.¹⁴ However, I suggest that Moritz Sobernheim can be identified as the young man on the right in the third row (standing behind an unidentified woman who looks down), behind and to the right of his brother Walter Sobernheim, who looks directly at the camera. Their sister Frida is in the front row, second from the left, in a dark gown with a long string of pearls, seated between a lady in a light gown and her uncle Rudolph Magnus, a renowned pharmacologist.¹⁵ Another glass negative (FSA A.6 04.GN.3572) shows an image of the same family group in slightly different poses, some having switched their positions. Perhaps the lady to the left of Walter Sobernheim (and behind him in photograph FS-FSA_A.6_04.GN.3572), covered by him in figure 3a, is his wife, Gertrud Schottländer.¹⁶ Frida’s husband, Georg Heinrich Hahn (1864–1953), was an art collector and heir of the company Hahnsche Werke AG, founded in 1890 in Großenbaum near Duisburg by his father, the steel entrepreneur Albert Hahn (1824–1898), who expanded it as Albert-Hahn-Röhrenwerke, and later as Hahnsche Werke. The family came from Breslau in today’s Lower Silesia, at the time part of Prussia, and their last name derived from the original form “Elchanan.”¹⁷ During the so-called Aryanization of Jewish-owned firms and properties, the process of confiscation that started in 1933, their company was sold to the Mannesman group and renamed Stahl und Walzwerke Großenbaum AG.¹⁸

It is probable that Moritz Sobernheim’s research work inspired his sister Frida and brother-in-law Georg Hahn. They became collectors of ancient Near Eastern antiquities and patrons of the arts, and supported the excavations of Herzfeld and Friedrich Sarre at Samarra in Iraq, and Hugo Winckler’s work in Turkey at Boğazköy, where he discovered the ancient Hittite capital, Ḫattuša.¹⁹ In his capacity as a member of the board of the Vorderasiatische Gesellschaft, Georg Hahn generously contributed to the publications of relevant research.²⁰ Thanks to his funding, eight cases with some of the Samarra findings were shipped to Germany in 1922 and displayed at the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum in Berlin.²¹ As a token of appreciation for their financial support to the Boğazköy expedition, the Hahns received from Winckler two unique cuneiform tablets, the so-called Aleppo Treaty and the letter of the Egyptian Queen Nefertari, Ramses II’s wife, to the Hittite Queen Puduḫepa, wife of Ḫattušili III.²² Herzfeld’s expertise contributed to the expansion of the Hahns’ collection of Near Eastern and classical artifacts, displayed in their Berlin residence at Tiergartenstrasse 21, and in their summer home in Wannsee. The Tiergartenstrasse villa was destroyed by an Allied bombardment, and the modern building of the embassy of Turkey, completed in 2012, was built on a portion of the former lot. To mark the memory of a family member, a Stolperstein laid in 2009 by the German conceptual artist Gunter Demnig where the Hahns’ residence once stood commemorates Grete Sobernheim, daughter of Curt Joseph Sobernheim and Luise (Lilli) Rosenfeld (fig. 4).²³ Curt and Lilli Sobernheim left for France in July 1933, where they were eventually arrested by the Gestapo and both died in 1940: Curt in the Cherche-Midi military prison and Lilli in unknown circumstances. Grete remained in Berlin and moved into an apartment in the Hahns’ villa until the whole residence was expropriated and she was forced to find different accommodations. On October 24, 1941, she was deported from the Grunewald train station to the Litzmannstadt ghetto in Łódź, where she died on March 9, 1942. An exquisite ex-libris with the names of Curt and Luise Sobernheim on a book looted from their library was discovered in the Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, through an inventory of books looted from Jewish homes.²⁴ This, together with the family photographs in the Herzfeld Papers, are faint traces of their former lives in Berlin.

Among the Near Eastern artifacts in the Hahns’ collection were cuneiform tablets, including the two donated by Winckler, a piece of Old Babylonian jewelry (a gold necklace from Dilbat), a notable collection of 428 cylinder and stamp seals, Islamic glasses, and Palmyrene funerary reliefs.²⁵ At the end of 1938, when the Hahns left Germany, they managed to take a great part of their collection with them. After a period spent in England, they eventually settled in Latin America, first in Mexico and then in Rio de Janeiro, where Georg Hahn passed away at the age of ninety in 1953, followed by Frida at eighty-one in 1955.²⁶ In 1947, the Dilbat gold necklace was sold to the Metropolitan Museum of Art through an art dealer on behalf of Georg Hahn, who, later that year, also donated four late–Old Babylonian or Kassite small cylinder seals dated to roughly the seventeenth or sixteenth century BCE.²⁷ The collection of Mesopotamian seals was eventually donated to the State of Israel in 1965 by the Hahn-Voss family after the death of Anna Marie Hahn Voss in 1962. It is now kept on long-term loan at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.²⁸

The friendship and closeness between Ernst Herzfeld and the Sobernheims is also illustrated by other negatives in the Herzfeld Papers, which show cherished moments of happiness in their life, among them: Moritz Sobernheim and Herzfeld’s sisters (fig. 3b); Moritz’s wife, Klara Nelly Gitta Schiff, sitting in the nursery with a baby, perhaps their firstborn Rudolph; and her mother, Emma Clothilde Schiff, holding a baby, again, possibly Rudolph.²⁹

Photographing the Palmyrene Paper Squeezes

As was commonly done at the time, the paper squeezes Sobernheim used to prepare his 1905 text edition were made by placing moist paper sheets on the stones, making sure that the paper filled the carved inscriptions. When the paper had dried, the squeezes offered a three-dimensional replica of the inscription, and provided a reliable physical reproduction of the texts.³⁰ The twenty-seven glass negatives of the Palmyrene paper squeezes are an invaluable record of Sobernheim’s (and Puchstein’s) pioneering epigraphic work. They illustrate a technique of reproduction of the epigraphs quite common at the time, and document the productive working partnership between Sobernheim and Herzfeld. Moreover, Herzfeld’s glass negatives offer insight into the process of photographing the paper squeezes, which was probably carried out in Berlin around or after 1905, perhaps at Herzfeld’s home, either at Schaperstraße 37 or at Nürnberger Platz 5 (both in Wilmersdorf, Berlin), where he moved in 1909.³¹

A print from one of Herzfeld’s negatives offers a wider view of what surrounded the wooden easel on which the squeezes were pinned to be photographed (fig. 5a; a reverse image of the negative, allowing the inscription to be identified). The image preserves the atmosphere of a room decorated with elegant flower-motif wallpaper, a bourgeois interior turned into a photographer’s studio. To the left are labeled bottles probably containing chemicals used in the process of fixing the negatives and printing photographs, placed in orderly rows on two shelves. A pair of scissors and two large keys hang next to the bottles and, from the ceiling, a suspended oblong lightbulb, probably a red darkroom light used in the developing process. Behind the easel, pinned to the background wall is a sheet of paper and, in a frame, possibly a (university?) certificate, with elegant Jugendstil decoration, both unfortunately illegible. On the floor, below the easel, are two white enamel metal buckets and a jar. On the easel, ready to be photographed, is the paper squeeze of the left portion of a bilingual honorific inscription of 203 CE, in Greek and Palmyrene script (PAT 0316).³² The inscription was carved on a door lintel, and this allowed for long lines, especially of the Greek text, to appear on the stone. It is likely that the lintel was originally placed above a monumental gate in a public building, but in this as in many other cases, it had been reemployed in a later structure, a Byzantine church. There it was found by Otto Puchstein, as one reads in the introductory notes to this inscription in the Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum.³³ As in other photographs of the Palmyrene squeezes taken by Herzfeld, one can see cardboard sheets of various sizes pinned on either side of the easel to extend its surface in order to unfold and display the entire squeeze. In 1905, Sobernheim published his edition of a group of Palmyrene inscriptions accompanied by photographs (of the same squeezes) made by “Frl. Ch. u. E. Gusserow,” whom he wholeheartedly thanked.³⁴ I suggest identifying the two photographers as Charlotte (later von Bodeker, 1884–1953) and her sister Elisabeth Marie Emilie (later Schlepegrell, 1885–1968), daughters of the renowned Berlin gynecologist Adolph Ludwig Sigismond Gusserow (1836–1906) and Clara Margarethe Oppenheim (1861–1944), and at the time in their twenties. Although the paper squeezes are the same, there is no doubt that the images published in the 1905 edition and the set of negatives by Herzfeld resulted from different photo sessions. In the photographs by the Gusserow sisters, one may observe another setting: the squeezes are placed (or pinned?) on another support or background, different from the easel always seen in Herzfeld’s pictures. To confirm the possibility that Herzfeld photographed the squeezes after the 1905 edition was published, the museum notes to this section of the Herzfeld Papers, perhaps by Joseph M. Upton, an archaeologist and former collaborator of Herzfeld’s, read:

Glass negative related primarily to an expedition to Palmyra (Syria), carried out by Moritz Sobernheim in 1899, when he photographed and made squeezes of some of the inscriptions. A few years later, while in Berlin, Ernst Herzfeld collaborated with M. Sobernheim by drafting architectural plans for the 1905 expedition to Baalbek. At that time, he might have gained access to the squeezes of the Palmyrene inscriptions that are the subject of this series of glass negatives.

In contrast, as Sobernheim pointed out in the 1905 edition, the squeezes photographed by the Gusserow sisters (and later by Herzfeld) were made by Puchstein and not by him. It seems likely that Herzfeld’s photographs were not yet available to Sobernheim when he submitted his Palmyrenische Inschriften for publication with the images provided by Charlotte and Elisabeth Gusserow. Later, Herzfeld photographed the squeezes again to preserve an important epigraphic record. The paper squeezes were in fact extremely fragile, and as the photographs show, they look quite worn out and damaged both in Herzfeld’s negatives and in the earlier images. It is unknown whether the process of reproduction was carried out by Herzfeld alone or if Sobernheim participated as well. Fifteen negatives are marked by sequential inventory numbers (3078–3095), and eight have another sequence (3427–3434), possibly an indication of two different photo sessions (figs. 6a,b). Finally, the negative with the image of a map of Palmyra has yet another inventory number (0840), as does the one of a paper squeeze with an inscription—not identified here—with remains of a line in Palmyrene script.³⁵ In addition to cardboard extensions to accommodate squeezes of different sizes, the easel was turned vertically, and sometimes it held two or even three squeezes. At times, squeezes of different inscriptions were grouped and photographed together (e.g., figs. 7b, 12). Different squeezes reproducing parts of the same inscription appear together (fig. 5b), or were assembled, although not always according to the original layout of the epigraphs (fig. 8b). One negative shows a squeeze with a Greek inscription, and four lines in Palmyrene, below the Greek text originally from an altar (PAT 0344, CE 132; fig. 10a). Another inscription in Palmyrene, six lines, carved on another side of the same altar, appears on another squeeze, photographed alone (fig. 10b). A Greek and Palmyrene honorific inscription on a stone tablet (PAT 0260, CE 175) was copied onto two different paper squeezes because of its long lines, and each squeeze was photographed alone (figs. 11a,b).

Palmyrene Inscriptions in Herzfeld’s Glass Negatives: Identifying the Records

The paper squeezes provide a “negative” three-dimensional image of the inscriptions; therefore, all of the available images have been reversed here in order to allow Greek and Palmyrene inscriptions to be read. For this reason, the handwritten inventory numbers appear reversed in the images presented here. Present whereabouts of the original Palmyrene squeezes are not indicated in the museum notes to the Herzfeld Papers.³⁶ The examination of Herzfeld’s photographs of the squeezes, based on consultation of the online resources, has allowed me the identification of the following twenty-six Palmyrene inscriptions, listed here according to the number on each glass negative. In the case of no. 27, it was not possible to read and identify the inscription on the basis of the remains of one line. The process of making two squeezes to reproduce one inscription took place on the field, and depended on the length and dimensions of given inscriptions (e.g., fig. 11). When the inscription was rather long, the epigraphists used two separate sheets of paper. During the photographic session, the two parts of the original inscription were sometimes reassembled, although not always, according to the original layout. One negative shows the squeeze with a Palmyrene inscription pinned on top, and that with the Greek text below it (fig. 8b). In contrast, the Greek inscription was carved on the front face of that column bracket, and the Palmyrene text, in longer lines, on its left side as one can see in PAT 0296, CE 179 (no. 1, below).

The present identification of each inscription has been a relatively complex process. In the first place, each photograph had to be reversed in order to obtain a positive image and enlarged as a whole and in its details, allowing for easier examination. Second, it was possible to read and cross-reference each text. Only at a later point did it became evident that the same squeezes appeared in the photographs accompanying Sobernheim’s 1905 edition. A comparison between the texts and images in that publication to those in the Herzfeld Papers confirmed the correct identification of each Palmyrene inscription. Today, however, as the literature shows, several readings in Sobernheim’s first edition have been improved and completed. The negatives in the Ernst Herzfeld Papers archive illustrate the following inscriptions, still in situ or part of the collection of the former Palmyra museum until 2015.

1. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3078 (photo file 12, image no. 77):³⁷ Sobernheim 1905, XIII, 28 = PAT 0296, CE 179 (IGLS XVII.i, 116³⁸). Greek (six lines) and Palmyrene (four lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket from the Transversal Colonnade (fig. 8b).

2. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3079 (photo file 12, image no. 78): Sobernheim 1905, XI, 24 = PAT 0309, date formula partly lost, between 89 and 188 CE (IGLS XVII.i, 244). Greek (two extant lines) and Palmyrene (four lines) honorific inscription on a wall bracket from the agora.

3. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3080 (photo file 12, image no. 79): Sobernheim 1905, VI, 10 = PAT 0268, CE 28 . Palmyrene honorific inscription (three lines) on a column bracket from the Temple of Bel.

4. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3081 (photo file 12, image no. 80): two squeezes; (on left) Sobernheim 1905, VII, 13 = PAT 0361, CE 207. Palmyrene dedicatory inscription (seven lines) on an altar dedicated to the so-called Anonymous God, in the former Palmyra Museum; (on right) Sobernheim 1905, XVIII, 37 = PAT 0448, date lost. Palmyrene dedicatory inscription (remains of two lines) on an altar fragment, now lost (fig. 7b).

5. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3082 (photo file 12, image no. 81): Sobernheim 1905, V, 8 = PAT 0266, CE 127 (IGLS XVII.i, 28). Greek (four lines) and Palmyrene (four lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket found reemployed in a later Muslim wall. In the former Palmyra Museum, in storage (fig. 9a).

6. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3083 (photo file 12, image no. 82): Sobernheim 1905, XVII, 34b = PAT 0344, CE 132 (IGLS XVII.i, 130³⁹). Greek and Palmyrene dedicatory inscription on an altar found reemployed in the Diocletian Camp area. The squeeze has a second Palmyrene dedication (six lines) carved on another side of the altar, offered by a son or descendant of the first dedicant (fig. 10b). The first inscription in Greek (five lines) and Palmyrene (four lines) appears on another squeeze; see no. 8 (fig. 10a).

7. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3084 (photo file 12, image no. 83): Sobernheim 1905, XIV, 29a = PAT 0312, CE 64 (IGLS XVII.i, 124). Greek (nine lines) and Palmyrene (eight lines) honorific inscription on a column, framed by a tabula ansata, also visible on the squeeze that displays the Greek inscription and the beginning of the Palmyrene section (first and part of second line). The complete Palmyrene inscription appears on another squeeze; see no. 23.

8. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3085 (photo file 12, image no. 84): Sobernheim 1905, XVI, 34a, XVII, 34b = PAT 0344, CE 132 (IGLS XVII.i, 130). Greek (five lines) and Palmyrene (four lines) dedicatory inscription on an altar found reemployed in the Diocletian Camp area (fig. 10a). For the other Palmyrene dedication on another side of the same artifact; see no. 6 (fig. 10b).

9. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3086 (photo file 12, image no. 85): Sobernheim 1905, I, 1a = PAT 0260, CE 175 (IGLS XVII.i, 21⁴⁰). Greek (eight lines) and Palmyrene (five lines) honorific inscription on a stone tablet from the Temple of Bel. The inscription was carved in long horizontal lines, and the squeeze contains a partial vertical section of both parts: roughly the second half of the Greek text and the first part of the Palmyrene. For the other portion, see no. 10. For an image of both squeezes, see fig. 11.

10. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3087 (photo file 12, image no. 86): Sobernheim 1905, II, 1b = PAT 0260 CE 175 (IGLS XVII.i, 21). Greek (eight lines) and Palmyrene (five lines) honorific inscription on a stone tablet from the Temple of Bel. This squeeze completes the previous one, no. 9. The inscription was carved in long horizontal lines and contains a partial vertical section of both parts: the first half of the Greek text, and the second part of the Palmyrene text. Both squeezes appear in fig. 11.

11. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3088 (photo file 12, image no. 87): Sobernheim 1905, XXIV, 42b = PAT 0554, CE 204 (top squeeze): Palmyrene funerary inscription, fragmentary (remains of three lines, lower portion of original text) probably recording the sale of a tomb section. In the former Palmyra Museum. Another portion of this inscription is on another squeeze; see no. 12. The same negative shows two other squeezes: (center squeeze) Sobernheim 1905, X, 22 = PAT 0307, date lost. Palmyrene honorific inscription on a column bracket from the agora (remains of four lines); (bottom, smaller squeeze) Sobernheim 1905, XII, 27 = PAT 0311, date lost. Palmyrene honorific inscription on a column bracket, from the agora (remains of one line). See fig. 12.

12. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3089 (photo file 12, image no. 88): Sobernheim 1905, XXIV, 42a = PAT 0554, CE 204 (top squeeze, poor quality). Palmyrene funerary inscription, fragmentary, with remains of three or four lines, upper portion of the original inscription. The lower portion of the same inscription is on another squeeze; see no. 11. In the former Palmyra Museum. On the same negative, the bottom squeeze displays another epigraph: Sobernheim 1905, XII, 26 = PAT 0310, date lost. Palmyrene honorific inscription on a column bracket, from the agora (remains of one line).

13. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3090 (photo file 12, image no. 89): Sobernheim 1905, VII, 11 = PAT 0269, CE 51 (IGLS XVII.i, 18). Greek (eight lines) and Palmyrene (five lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket, Temple of Bel, second column in eastern portico (top squeeze with central tear, smaller than the bottom squeeze, Palmyrene section only). The negative shows another squeeze, larger in size. This is another inscription: Sobernheim 1905, X, 23 = PAT 0308, date lost (IGLS XVII.i, 208). Greek (remains of three lines) and Palmyrene (remains of four lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket, from the agora (bottom squeeze).

14. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3091 (photo file 12, image no. 90): Sobernheim 1905, IX, 21 = PAT 0306, CE 157 (IGLS XVII.i, 248). Greek (remains of seven lines) and Palmyrene (eight lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket, from the agora. The squeeze has the Palmyrene inscription only. See fig. 9b.

15. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3092 (photo file 12, image no. 91): Sobernheim 1905, XXV, 43a = PAT 0316, CE 203 (IGLS XVII.i, 157⁴¹). Greek (remains of five lines) and Palmyrene (two lines) honorific inscription, found reemployed in a Byzantine church in Palmyra. The squeeze, almost illegible from Herzfeld’s negative, records the left portion of the inscribed lintel. The right portion appears on another squeeze; see no. 21 and fig. 5a.

16. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3093 (photo file 12, image no. 92): Sobernheim 1905, III, 5 = PAT 0263, CE 108 (IGLS XVII.i, 23). Greek (two lines) and Palmyrene (seven lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket from the Temple of Bel, ninth column in southern peristyle: (top squeeze) Greek text, and Palmyrene (three lines); (bottom squeeze) Palmyrene (four lines).

17. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3094 (photo file 12, image no. 93): Sobernheim 1905, XXII, 40 = PAT 0323 A, date lost. Palmyrene dedicatory inscription on stone fragment (remains of four lines). Another fragment, B (remains of two lines), is not documented by a squeeze. From the Diocletian Camp area.

18. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3095 (photo file 12, image no. 94): Sobernheim 1905, VIII, 14 = PAT 0304, CE 181. Palmyrene honorific inscription on a column bracket, from the temple of Baalshamin (remains of seven lines; only ll. 4–7 of the original inscription on stone are partly legible).

19. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3427 (photo file 12, image no. 75): Sobernheim 1905, IV, 7 = PAT 0265, CE 117. Palmyrene honorific inscription on a column bracket, Temple of Bel (five lines). The concluding part of ll. 1–5 appears on a separate squeeze, smaller in size, pinned next to the larger one. See fig. 5b.

20. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3428 (photo file 12, image no. 76): Sobernheim 1905, XXI, 39 = PAT 0314, CE 135 (IGLS XVII.i, 123⁴²). Greek (remains of one of two lines) and Palmyrene (remains of six lines) honorific inscription on a statue base, from the Diocletian Camp area. See fig. 6b.

21. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3429 (photo file 12, image no. 95): Sobernheim 1905, XXV, 43 = PAT 0316, CE 203 (IGLS XVII.i, 157). Greek (remains of five lines) and Palmyrene (two lines) honorific inscription on a door lintel found reemployed in a Byzantine church. The squeeze has the right part of the Greek inscription, and the Palmyrene text (two lines) (fig. 5). For the left and initial portion of the Greek text, see no. 15.

22. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3430 (photo file 12, image no. 96): Sobernheim 1905, XXIII, 41 = PAT 0315, 18 BC. Palmyrene honorific inscription for a woman, on statue base (five lines). Found by Puchstein near the ‘Afqa spring. In the former Palmyra Museum.⁴³ See fig. 6a.

23. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3431 (photo file 12, image no. 97): Sobernheim 1905, XV, 29b = PAT 0312, CE 64 (IGLS XVII.i, 124). Greek (nine lines) and Palmyrene (eight lines) honorific inscription on a column framed by a tabula ansata, from the Diocletian Camp area. This squeeze, partly damaged, only has the Palmyrene inscription. Another squeeze (no. 7) shows the Greek section and the first and part of the second line of the Palmyrene text.

24. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3432 (photo file 12, image no. 98): Sobernheim 1905, XX, 38 = PAT 0313, CE 150 (IGLS XVII.i, 128⁴⁴). Greek (remains of two lines) and Palmyrene (three lines) honorific inscription on two stone fragments, from the Diocletian Camp area. The squeeze has the Palmyrene text only.

25. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3433 (photo file 12, image no. 99): Sobernheim 1905, XIX, 36 = PAT 0334, date formula partly broken. Palmyrene dedicatory inscription on altar (three lines). Found reemployed in the Diocletian Camp area. See fig. 7a.

26. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3434 (photo file 12, image no. 100): (top squeeze) Sobernheim 1905, VI, 9 = PAT 0267, CE 120 (IGLS XVII.i, 20⁴⁵). Greek (three lines) and Palmyrene (three lines) honorific inscription on a column bracket, found reemployed in a medieval Muslim wall. In the former Palmyra Museum. The bottom squeeze in the same image illustrates another text: Sobernheim 1905, XVIII, 35 = PAT 0335, CE 135. Palmyrene dedicatory inscription on stela, from the Diocletian Camp area (four lines). See fig. 8a.

27. FS-FSA A.604.GN.3612 (photo file 12, image no. 74): squeeze fragment, with remains of Palmyrene letters, one line. Unidentified inscription. The squeeze is pinned upside-down on the easel.