INTRODUCTION
Background and Purpose
Allegan State Game Area (ASGA) has long been recognized as supporting a significant concentration of biodiversity in southwestern Lower Michigan. While numerous surveys and studies of its ecosystems and a limited set of plant and animal species have been conducted, many of which are referenced in this paper, other aspects of the biota have received relatively little attention. The work presented here originated with independent collecting efforts by W. S. Martinus beginning in 1999 and R. G. Schipper beginning in 2012. In 2015, a Michigan Botanical Club field trip jointly attended by all three authors led to informal discussions about undertaking an effort to catalogue the vascular flora of ASGA. In 2016, Martinus and Schipper took on this pro bono challenge, eventually compiling hundreds of excursions and countless hours identifying and preparing specimens and researching potential site leads. After amassing over 2,000 new specimens, Martinus and Schipper asked B. S. Slaughter to assist with reporting their findings, and this evolved to what is presented here—the first approximation of the vascular flora of ASGA.
Physical Description of the Study Area
Location
Allegan State Game Area is located 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Grand Rapids in west-central Allegan County, Michigan, USA (Figure 1). Most of the 20,500-ha (50,656-ac) state game area falls within rural Clyde, Heath, Manlius and Valley townships west of the City of Allegan.3 Additional parcels in the Kalamazoo River floodplain are located east of The City of the Village of Douglas and between the cities of Allegan and Plainwell. The approximate geographic center of ASGA is 42.5715°N, 85.9921°W.
Location of Allegan State Game Area (dark gray, center) in Allegan County, Michigan, USA. The approximate geographic center of ASGA is 42.5715°N, 85.9921°W. The dark lines and polygons are water bodies. Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowiez≥a using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data.
Climate
Allegan County has a warm-summer humid continental climate (i.e., “Dfb” in the Köppen–Geiger Classification), with cold winters, warm summers, and no dry season (Kottek et al. 2006). There are no currently active Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) in Allegan County collecting hourly weather data. At the nearest active ASOS station in Holland, monthly average temperature (1991–2020 normals) ranges from –3.4°C (25.9°F) in January to 22.0°C (71.6°F) in July, with an annual average of 9.6°C (49.3°F) and an average freeze-free period of 165 days (Palecki et al. 2021).4 Average annual liquidequivalent precipitation (1991–2020 normals) is 88.4 cm (34.8 in), and average annual snowfall is 152–183 cm (60–72 in) (Palecki et al. 2021; Midwestern Regional Climate Center [MRCC] 2023a). Regional climate is trending warmer and wetter. Average annual temperature has increased at a rate of 1.0°C/century (1.8°F/c.) since 1895 and is projected to exceed 12°C (53°F) by 2069 (MRCC 2023b). Warming has been especially pronounced during the winter months of December–February. Average annual precipitation has increased at a rate of 12.4 cm/century (4.9 in/c.) since 1895 and is projected to approach 100 cm (40 in) by 2069 (MRCC 2023b). Precipitation has increased primarily during the summer months of June–August.
Landforms
Allegan State Game Area is situated on the Chicago Lake Plain, a low-relief sandplain occupying the former bed of proglacial Lake Chicago (Gephart and Larson 1982; Kincare and Larson 2009; Schaetzl et al. 2013; Stone et al. 2017; Colgan et al. 2023) (Figure 2). The general land surface rises from east to west, ranging from approximately 190 m (620 ft) south of Fennville to >220 m (720 ft) near Littlejohn Lake (United States Geological Survey [USGS] 2019a, b). The relatively level plains are interrupted by several inland dune fields composed of overlapping (imbricate) parabolic dunes with trailing arms oriented in the direction of prevailing paleowinds (Sloss et al. 2012; Colgan et al. 2017; Colgan et al. 2023) (Figure 3). Most of the parabolic dunes demonstrate a west/northwesterly orientation typical of other inland dune fields in Michigan and hypothesized to correspond with modeled paleowinds within 150–200 km of retreating glacial ice margins (Arbogast et al. 2017). Optically stimulated luminescence analyses of similar dunes in adjacent Ottawa County indicated these dunes formed and stabilized approximately 13.3–11.6 ka BP, shortly following the recession of proglacial Lake Chicago (Colgan et al. 2017). Another aeolian feature of note is a limited area of what appear to be bluff-top dunes along the north side of the Kalamazoo River. Unlike the interior dune fields, the bluff-top dunes are derived from aeolian transport of materials from the faces of the valley walls, much like the formation of perched dunes along the Great Lakes coastline (Arbogast et al. 2017).
Hillshade map of Allegan County. Most of Allegan State Game Area is situated in a basin associated with proglacial Lake Chicago. The basin is bordered on the west by the Lake Border Moraine Ridge and on the east by the Valparaiso Moraine (Colgan et al. 2023). Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data and United States Geological Survey (2019a, b).
Parabolic dunes near Goose Lake (GL), Heath Township. The orientation of these aeolian features indicate prevailing westerly and northwesterly paleowinds. Dense vegetation obscures these features on aerial imagery. BH = Beach Hill. Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data and United States Geological Survey (2019b).
The crests of the parabolic dunes are generally elevated less than 10 m (33 ft) above the surface of the plains (USGS 2019a, b). A notable exception is a glaciolacustrine-capped fragment of the Valparaiso Moraine known as Beach Hill, the crest of which (245 m, or 804 ft) rises over 35 m (115 ft) above the surrounding plains (USGS 2019c; Colgan et al. 2023) (Figure 3). Small areas of glaciolacustrine-capped moraine are also present south and east of the City of Fennville. Uncapped moraine is very limited at ASGA, occurring on some of the uplands along the Kalamazoo River at New Richmond (Lake Border Moraine Ridge) and between Allegan and Otsego (Valparaiso Moraine) (Colgan et al. 2023).
Portions of the Chicago Lake Plain are pitted with kettles, very few of which are large or deep enough to support ponds or lakes. Similar features in Muskegon County were interpreted by Valachovics and Colgan (2016) to represent ice blocks that were left following glacial retreat and subsequently buried by lacustrine sediments. The tiny kettles, most of which are indistinguishable on the ground, appear on digital elevation maps as irregular stippling (Figure 4). The densest concentration of the now mostly dry kettles is found on the plains between the City of Fennville and the Kalamazoo River.
Pitted lakeplain in the vicinity of Miner and Perch lakes, Manlius and Clyde townships. Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data and United States Geological Survey (2019a).
Kettles large and deep enough to support standing water are relatively few. In Manlius Township, the two largest kettles are occupied by Miner and Perch lakes (Figure 4). Allegan State Game Area abuts but does not include any of the openwater shoreline of Miner Lake. Perch Lake is included in the scope of this flora on the basis of a small parcel of public land on its southern shoreline that, though not technically part of ASGA, is nearly contiguous with it. Areas of pitted lakeplain in southeastern Clyde and west-central Valley townships support relatively fewer but larger kettles. The most prominent of these are Crooked, Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes, softwater (acidic) lakes fed by groundwater seepage and precipitation, lacking inlets and outlets (Perry 1942) (Figure 5). The only named lake in the northeastern part of ASGA is Goose Lake, a shallow, periodically dry water body situated in a depression between aeolian dunes and Beach Hill (Figure 3).
Crooked, Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes. Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data and United States Geological Survey (2019b).
Allegan State Game Area borders portions of approximately 68 km of the Kalamazoo River main channel and the lower stems of several named and unnamed tributaries, including Rabbit River, Bear Creek, Sand Creek, and Swan Creek (between New Richmond and Lake Allegan) and Rossman Creek, Schnable Brook, and Pine Creek (between Allegan and Plainwell). Below Lake Allegan, the width of the Kalamazoo River outwash channel generally exceeds 1 km (0.6 mi) wide, with a maximum width of approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) in the Ottawa Marsh Unit and a minimum width of approximately 0.3 km (0.2 mi) near the mouth of Bear Creek.5 Outwash channels associated with named tributaries are approximately 0.1–0.5 km (0.1–0.3 mi) wide. Stream valleys are generally incised 15–20 m (49–66 ft) below the general surface of the Chicago Lake Plain (USGS 2019a, b). Southeast of Allegan, the Kalamazoo River valley is situated more than 50 m (164 ft) below the higher moraine ridges.
Soils
Plainfield sand, lake plain, 0 to 6 percent slopes (PlfabB) covers most of the well-drained, low-relief uplands at ASGA, with steeper slope classes (i.e., PlfabD) on some of the dunes and valley slopes (Soil Survey Staff 2025) (Figure 6). Plainfield sand is an excessively drained, poorly stratified, very strongly acidic (pH= 4.5), nutrient-poor entisol.6 Lee and Kost (2008) sampled soil cores in several oak-dominated forests at ASGA and described four horizons: an O horizon consisting of a 4 cm (1.5 in) Oi subhorizon and a 0.5 cm (0.2 in) Oe subhorizon; an A horizon from 0–19 cm (0–7.5 in) consisting of black, extremely acidic (pH= 4.0) loamy sand to sandy loam; a Bs horizon from 19–73 cm (7.5– 29 in) consisting of orange, medium-textured, very strongly acidic (pH= 5.0) loamy sand; and a C horizon from 73–95+ cm (29–37+ in) consisting of tan, medium-textured, strongly acidic (pH= 5.5) loamy sand. These soils were more acidic and lower in phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium than those underlying oak forests on other landforms (outwash plains, ice-contact outwash, and moraines) in southern Michigan (Lee and Kost 2008).
Plainfield sands (gray shade) mantle most of ASGA. Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data, United States Geological Survey (2019b), and Soil Survey Staff (2025).
Morocco–Newton complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes (15B) is the second-most important soil map unit (Soil Survey Staff 2025). This map unit consists of nonhydric (Morocco) and hydric (Newton), moderately acidic (pH= 5.8), nutrientpoor fine sands.7 The water table is shallow (30–60 cm, or 12–24 in) on the uplands and near the surface in lowlands, where a layer of mucky fine sand is often present. Morocco–Newton complex is concentrated near Crooked, Ely, and Little Tom lakes and vicinity, with significant areas also mapped in eastern Heath and western Monterey townships and southeastern Valley Township (Soil Survey Staff 2025). Morocco–Newton complex often occurs in mosaics with another high-water table soil map unit, Pipestone sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes (26A). Several other principally non-hydric, sandy soil map units occur in small patches, particularly in the southwestern part of ASGA, from the vicinity of Bravo northeast past Round Lake. These vary in texture and drainage but tend to be more calcareous than the dominant Plainfield sand.
Finer-textured, richer mineral soil map units are concentrated in riparian environments. These include Cohoctah silt loam (29); Sloan silt loam (62); and Algansee loamy sand, protected, 0 to 3 percent slopes (73A) (Soil Survey Staff 2025). Although these are of limited extent, they exert considerable influence on the vegetation, supporting concentrations of species absent from the dominant acidic sands.
Hydric and principally hydric soil map units are concentrated in three areas— the Fennville Farm Unit, south of Fennville; outwash channels associated with the Kalamazoo River and tributaries; and depressions on the sand plain (Soil Survey Staff 2025). The Fennville Farm Unit is a former mixed conifer swamp and bog (Comer et al. 1995) that was drained and converted to agricultural production.8 The principal lowland soil map units here are Glendora loamy sand, protected (74) and Granby loamy sand, lake plain, 0 to 2 percent slopes (39). Both are frequently ponded, circumneutral, sandy-textured soils. Along the Kalamazoo River and other streams, fine-textured mineral soils characterize temporarily or infrequently flooded zones (see above), and organic deposits occur in wetter zones. Principal among the latter are Houghton muck, lake moderated, 0 to 1 percent slopes (HgtacA) and Aquents and Histosols, ponded (50). These underlie the vast wetland complexes in the broad outwash channel northwest of Lake Allegan and smaller depressions on the sand plain. Adrian muck, lake moderated, 0 to 1 percent slopes (AdraeA), a shallower organic soil, is also locally important, particularly in the Fennville Farm Unit.
Landcover and Vegetation
Overview
The following narrative draws on several sources of information, including classification schemes developed by Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), Forest Resources Division (FRD) (2022), Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI) (Comer et al. 1995; Cohen et al. 2020), and the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) (NRCS 2024a–f); vascular plant specimen data (Michigan Flora Online 2011); published and unpublished literature; field notes taken by the authors; and aerial photographs (HistoricAerials.com 2025). NRCS ecological sites are used as the primary organizing principle. An ecological site is defined as “a distinctive kind of land based on recurring soil, landform, hydrology, geology, and climate characteristics that differs from other kinds of land in its ability to produce distinctive kinds and amounts of vegetation and in its ability to respond similarly to management actions and natural disturbances” (NRCS 2017).
One of the key strengths of the NRCS approach is its recognition that vegetation, the typical driver of ecological classifications, is easily manipulated and thus problematic as a primary defining variable (Brown n.d.). Thus, emphasis is placed on relatively stable geophysical attributes such as local climate, topography, and soils. Ecological sites are then subdivided into “communities” with distinct vegetative structure and composition, these ranging from essentially undisturbed or reference conditions to associations occurring primarily because of catastrophic disturbances (NRCS 2025).
For each ecological site described below, component circa 1800 cover types (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008) and MNFI natural community types (Cohen et al. 2020) are referenced. In the MNFI classification, a natural community is defined as “an assemblage of interacting plants, animals, and other organisms that repeatedly occurs under similar environmental conditions across the landscape and is predominantly structured by natural processes rather than modern anthropogenic disturbances” (Kost et al. 2007; Cohen et al. 2020).
Intact natural communities can be thought of as high-quality, representative examples of the more broadly defined ecological sites and circa 1800 cover types. Of special interest and conservation significance are those examples of natural communities that meet several criteria required for their identification as element occurrences, or EOs. Several of the ecological sites described below include one or more of these exemplary features (Cohen et al. 2024).
Most of the ecosystems and land area of ASGA fall under four NRCS ecological sites—Dry Sandy Lake Plain, Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods, Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods, and Mucky Depression (NRCS 2024a–d). Following a summary of these four ecological sites, the remaining ecosystems are organized by provisional ecological sites that are still in various stages of development (NRCS 2025).
Ecological Site F097XA004MI – Dry Sandy Lake Plain
The Dry Sandy Lake Plain ecological site is closely associated with welldrained Plainfield sands in ASGA (Soil Survey Staff 2025). Key ecological attributes of Dry Sandy Lake Plain are its deep (>200 cm) sands with low base saturation, deep (>200 cm) water tables, gentle slopes, and vegetation tolerant of drought, low nutrient concentrations, and fires (NRCS 2024a). Vegetation structure and composition were historically shaped by variations in soil moisture, landscape position, and frequency of fire. Where fires were relatively infrequent and soil moisture was relatively high, white pine–mixed hardwood forests characterized by Acer rubrum L. (red maple), Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech), Pinus strobus L. (white pine), and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (hemlock) predominated (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008). On drier soils and in areas that burned more frequently, white pine–white oak forest and woodland characterized by Pinus strobus, Quercus alba L. (white oak), and Q. velutina Lam. (black oak) predominated. The most frequently burned areas, especially south of the Kalamazoo River, supported open-canopied oak–pine barrens dominated by prairie forbs and graminoids (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008).
Historic timber harvests and slash fires all but eliminated mature Pinus strobus–dominated forests in the Dry Sandy Lake Plain (Brewer et al. 1973). Cutover forests that were never converted to agricultural fields are now dominated by Quercus velutina and Q. alba—such stands presently occupy approximately 8,900 ha (22,000 ac), or over 40% of ASGA (Brewer et al. 1973; MDNR FRD 2022) (Figure 7). Other trees that range from occasional to locally important or co-dominant include Acer rubrum, Amelanchier spp. (shadbushes), Cornus florida L. (flowering dogwood), Fagus grandifolia, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina Ehrh. (wild black cherry), and Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees (sassafras) (NRCS 2024a) (Figure 8). Typical shrubs and herbs include Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer (hair grass), Carex pensylvanica Lam. (sedge), Gaultheria procumbens L. (wintergreen), Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.), Hamamelis virginiana L. (witch-hazel), K. Koch (huckleberry), Maianthemum canadense Desf. (Canada mayflower), Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken fern), and Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (low sweet blueberry) (NRCS 2024a).
Dry-mesic northern forest with Pinus strobus and Quercus alba. (B. S. Slaughter)
Immature dry-mesic northern forest with Sassafras albidum in understory. (R. G. Schipper)
Despite their location in southern Lower Michigan, most of the regenerated Quercus–dominated forests on dry sandy soils at ASGA are considered to be altered examples of the dry-mesic northern forest natural community, distinguished from dry-mesic southern forest by several factors including the (historic) importance of Pinus strobus, soils lacking fine-textured lamellae and carbonates, and scarcity of canopy Carya spp. (hickories) (Schaddelee 1975; Cohen 2002; Lee and Kost 2008; Lincoln 2017a; Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024a). Only one small area on a north-facing bluff above Big Dailey Bayou has been identified as an EO (Cohen et al. 2024).
Dry Sandy Lakeplain also encompasses a range of forests altered by land management practices, wildfires, or agricultural conversion. Large stands of the clone-forming species Populus grandidentata Michx. (big-tooth aspen), P. tremuloides Michx. (quaking aspen), and Sassafras albidum can develop where disturbances such as large windthrow events, wildfires, or wildlife management practices remove existing canopies (NRCS 2024a). MDNR FRD (2022) maps 185 stands dominated or primarily dominated by Populus spp., collectively covering approximately 600 ha (1480 ac) of ASGA. Ruderal forests include conifer plantations dominated by Pinus banksiana Lamb. (jack pine), P. resinosa Aiton (red pine), and P. strobus, occurring in over 100 patches at ASGA, and weedy mixed successional forests on abandoned farmland and homesteads.
Open woodlands and savanna classified as oak–pine barrens persist on a reduced scale compared to their former extent at ASGA (Cohen et al. 2020, 2024). In the more closed phase, these support open canopies of Quercus alba, Q. velutina, and occasionally Pinus strobus, or a patchwork of wooded groves and small openings. Species composition is generally like that described above for the closed-canopy forests but with greater representation of less shade-tolerant species such as Lupinus perennis L. (wild lupine) (Figure 9). One potential indicator of this phase is Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi (black oatgrass) (NRCS 2024a). A more distinctive flora occurs where trees are widely scattered or absent. In these areas, Carex pensylvanica and the warm-season grass Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) predominate (Figure 10). Other characteristic species of the open oak–pine barrens include Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big bluestem), Artemisia campestris L. (wild wormwood), Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (bastard-toadflax), Coreopsis lanceolata L. (sand coreopsis), Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton (common frostweed), Danthonia spicata (L.) Roem. & Schult. (poverty grass), Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould (panic grass), Euphorbia corollata L. (flowering spurge), Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. (June grass), Liatris aspera Michx. (rough blazing-star), Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter) MacMill. (hairy puccoon), Lupinus perennis, Monarda punctata L. (horse mint), Opuntia cespitosa Raf. (prickly-pear), Rubus flagellaris Willd. (northern dewberry), Solidago nemoralis Aiton (gray goldenrod), Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) G. L. Nesom (smooth aster), Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (goats-rue), Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. (common spiderwort), and Viola pedata L. (birdfoot violet) (Schaddelee 1975; Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024a) (Figure 11).
Filtered-light “room” in partial-canopy oak–pine barrens phase with dense Lupinus perennis. (R. G. Schipper)
Open oak–pine barrens with Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. (hairy bush-clover), Liatris aspera, and Schizachyrium scoparium. (R. G. Schipper)
Characteristic forbs of open oak–pine barrens. Asclepias tuberosa (A); Lithospermum caroliniense (B); Lupinus perennis (C); Monarda punctata (D); Opuntia cespitosa (E); Tephrosia virginiana (F); Viola pedata (G). (B. S. Slaughter)
Weedy species such as Centaurea stoebe L. (spotted knapweed), Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. (king devil), Hypericum perforatum L. (common St. John’s-wort), Poa compressa L. (Canada bluegrass), P. pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass), and Rumex acetosella L. (sheep sorrel) are often frequent on bare patches of ground between clumps of graminoids in the oak–pine barrens. Where the ground has been severely disturbed by timber harvests or agricultural conversion, vegetative associations dominated by Bromus inermis Leyss. (smooth brome) and Centaurea stoebe develop (NRCS 2024a). Native bare-soil species such as Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke (sedge), Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Weber (reindeer lichen), Opuntia cespitosa, Polygonum articulatum L. (jointweed), and Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring (sand club moss) are often more common in these situations than in less disturbed remnant barrens (Figure 12).
Bulbostylis capillaris in a sand “blowout.” (R. G. Schipper)
Ecological Site F097XA010MI – Sandy Slopes
Sandy Slopes is a provisional ecological site for sandy open slopes of >15% characterized by xerophytic vegetation (NRCS 2024b). This concept appears to fit some segments of the Kalamazoo River valley wall, particularly the eroded bluff faces located opposite the Big Dailey Bayou in Sections 19 and 30 of Heath Township and Section 24 of Manlius Township. The site in Section 30, Heath Township has been studied by the second author and L. A. Schaddelee, Jr. and, while it has not been formally identified as such, appears to be consistent with hillside prairie, a critically imperiled grassland natural community restricted to stream bluffs and steep banks above lakes (Cohen et al. 2020). Some of the species found here are Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (sand cress), Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob. (pale Indian plantain), Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. (smooth false foxglove), A. pedicularia (L.) Raf. (annual false foxglove), A. virginica (L.) Pennell (downy false foxglove), Desmodium rotundifolium DC. (round-leaved tick-trefoil), Melampyrum lineare Desr. (cowwheat), Piptochaetium avenaceum, Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude (yellow pimpernel), and Tephrosia virginiana. At least two state-listed species are also present—Hieracium paniculatum L. (panicled hawkweed) and Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey (wild sweet-potato).
Ecological Site F097XA006MI – Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods
Like Dry Sandy Lake Plain, Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods occurs on deep sands with low base saturation but is differentiated by its seasonally high water tables which, often in conjunction with pit-and-mound microtopography, permit the coexistence of xerophytic, mesophytic, and hydrophytic vegetation (NRCS 2024c). Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods is concentrated on the Morocco–Newton complex and Pipestone sands soil map units in the southwestern part of ASGA and in low areas between and among aeolian dunes in the northeast (NRCS 2024c; Soil Survey Staff 2025). The predominant circa 1800 cover type associated with this ecological site at ASGA is white pine–mixed hardwood forest characterized by Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Pinus strobus, and Tsuga canadensis (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008). Most of the extant stands are dominated by Acer rubrum, associated with Nyssa sylvatica Marshall (black-gum), Quercus rubra L. (red oak), and occasionally Carpinus caroliniana Walter (hornbeam), Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip tree), Pinus strobus, Quercus palustris Münchh. (pin oak), Q. velutina, and Tsuga canadensis (NRCS 2024c). Characteristic shrubs and herbs include Carex spp. (sedges), Gaultheria procumbens, Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (spicebush), Maianthemum canadense, Mitchella repens L. (partridge-berry), Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus hispidus L. (swamp dewberry), Smilax rotundifolia L. (common greenbrier), Trientalis borealis Raf. (star-flower), and Vaccinium corymbosum L. (highbush blueberry) (NRCS 2024c).
The current version of the MNFI natural community classification includes one flatwoods community, wet-mesic flatwoods, first introduced in 2007 (Kost et al. 2007; Cohen et al. 2020). The concept for wet-mesic flatwoods draws heavily from sites in the Maumee Lake Plain of southeastern Lower Michigan, most of which have clay lenses at or near the surface (Slaughter et al. 2010). Similar forests on deeper, acidic sands have traditionally been classified as mesic northern forest, mesic southern forest, or southern hardwood swamp depending on geographic location, species composition, and the nature of the substrate. In recent years, additional surveys by MNFI and the development of the Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods ecological site by NRCS have provided the context for the addition of a new natural community type, acidic sandy flatwoods, to the MNFI classification. At the time of this writing, two small sites have been preliminarily identified as high quality examples, or EOs (T. Bassett, pers. comm.).
The Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods ecological site includes a little bluestem– bracken fern community corresponding to wet-mesic sand prairie in the MNFI classification (Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024c). Wet-mesic sand prairie occurs in several small depressions among aeolian dunes in the northeastern part of ASGA (Cohen et al. 2024) (Figure 13). As in the forested flatwoods communities, seasonally and interannually fluctuating water tables and microtopography contribute to the coexistence of xeric, mesophytic, and hydrophytic vegetation. Characteristic species include Andropogon gerardii, Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv. (blue-joint), Carex pellita Willd. (sedge), Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Porter & Britton (slender goldentop), Juncus spp. (rushes), Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (marsh blazing-star), Lycopus uniflorus Michx. (northern bugle weed), Panicum virgatum L. (switch grass), Salix humilis Marshall (prairie willow), Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (Indian grass), Spartina pectinata Link (cordgrass), Spiraea alba Du Roi (meadowsweet), S. tomentosa L. (hardhack), and Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. (hyssop hedgenettle) (Kost and Slaughter 2008; Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024c). Trees can increase in the absence of occasional fires and may occur locally as an overstory (NRCS 2024c).
Wet-mesic sand prairie with Liatris spicata. (R. G. Schipper)
Ecological Site F097XA007MI – Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods
Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods is like Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods but experiences seasonal ponding that fosters accumulation of organic matter in the upper soil layers (NRCS 2024d). Historically, this ecological site was characterized by swamp forests dominated by Tsuga canadensis and/or lowland deciduous species, including Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis Britton (yellow birch), Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall (green ash), Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak), Q. palustris, and Ulmus americana L. (American elm) (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008; NRCS 2024d). Many stands are now dominated by Acer rubrum and Quercus palustris with a variety of associates. Characteristic shrubs and herbs include Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl. (Virginia chain-fern), Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. (false nettle), Carex spp. (sedges), Cephalanthus occidentalis L. (buttonbush), Impatiens capensis Meerb. (spotted touch-me-not), Maianthemum canadense, Mitchella repens, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl (cinnamon fern), Saururus cernuus L. (lizard’s-tail), Scutellaria lateriflora L. (mad-dog skullcap), Smilax rotundifolia, Trientalis borealis, and Vaccinium corymbosum (NRCS 2024d). Sphagnum spp. (sphagnum mosses) may be present in seasonally saturated areas and at the bases of trees (Figure 14).
Seasonal ponding in this swamp forest or flatwoods restricts shrubs and herbs to mounds and decomposing wood. (B. S. Slaughter)
Lowland forests are principally associated with the Morocco phase of the Morocco–Newton complex and Newton mucky fine sand (69) soil map units (MDNR FRD 2022; NRCS 2024d; Soil Survey Staff 2025). Over 200 patches have been identified, totaling nearly 1800 ha (4500 ac), these concentrated in the southwestern and northeastern parts of ASGA (MDNR FRD 2022). In the MNFI classification, relatively undisturbed examples would be classified as hardwood– conifer swamp (if a significant conifer component is present) or southern hardwood swamp (Slaughter et al. 2007; Slaughter 2009; Cohen et al. 2020). Highquality examples are apparently scarce, and no EOs have been documented (Cohen et al. 2024).9
Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods also encompasses two herbaceous wetland communities—Bluejoint and Tall Horned Beak Sedge (NRCS 2024d). In the MNFI classification, these correspond to wet-mesic sand prairie and coastal plain marsh (Cohen et al. 2020).10 Coastal plain marsh occurs in depressions on the sand plain that lack inlets and outlets and are thus hydrologically regulated by fluctuations in the underlying aquifers. The largest and deepest of these depres- sions support shallow lakes, some of which retain surface water even during the driest periods (Figure 15). Others support standing water only during the wettest periods. Vegetative associations are often ± concentrically arranged and expand or contract in response to fluctuations in water levels. Lakes and ponds with long hydroperiods support aquatic taxa.11 Periodically exposed sands, mucky sands, and shallow mucks are the favored habitats of numerous low-statured herbs including relatively widespread species—Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult. (autumn sedge), Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. (brown-fruited rush), Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott (water-purslane), Proserpinaca palustris L. (mermaid-weed), and Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne (tooth-cup)—and numerous coastal plain disjuncts such as Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. (small-fruited spikerush), Panicum verrucosum Muhl. (warty panic grass), Rhynchospora macrostachya A. Gray (tall beak-rush), R. scirpoides (Torr.) Griseb. (bald-rush), and Scleria reticularis Michx. (netted nut-rush).12 The densest and richest vegetation occurs on moist to saturated soils above the most frequently and/or severely inundated areas (Kost and Penskar 2000) (Figure 16). Species composition is like that of the wet-mesic sand prairies with greater concentrations of wetland obligates and coastal plain disjuncts. The margins of the depressions supporting coastal plain marsh are often dominated by bands of shrubs grading to swamp forest as described above.13
Crooked Lake is one of the best-known and richest coastal plain marshes in Michigan. In most years, the largest zone is dominated by submergent species such as Brasenia schreberi and Nymphaea odorata. (R. G. Schipper)
The richest and most dense vegetation in coastal plain marshes occurs above the zone of frequent and/or severe inundation (right side of image). At Crooked Lake, prevalent species in this band of meadow include Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. (black-fruited spike-rush), Euthamia caroliniana, Rhexia virginica, Triadenum virginicum, and Xyris difformis Chapm. (yellow-eyed-grass). (B. S. Slaughter)
Ecological Site F097XA030MI – Mucky Depression
The Mucky Depression ecological site encompasses a variety of wetlands developed on strongly acidic to moderately alkaline (pH= 5.5–8) organic soils situated where groundwater seepage maintains a high water table (NRCS 2024e). NRCS recognizes seven community types within this ecological site, coinciding with emergent marsh, southern wet meadow, prairie fen, southern shrub-carr, southern hardwood swamp, and hardwood–conifer swamp in the MNFI natural community classification (Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024e).14 These occur on seepage slopes and backswamps adjacent to the Kalamazoo River floodplain, outwash channels along smaller, groundwater-fed streams, and in kettle depressions. In lieu of an exhaustive description of the breadth of natural communities and species occurring within this ecological site, two of the most noteworthy examples are described below.
Big Dailey Bayou
Several patches of hardwood–conifer swamp occur in groundwater seepage zones at the bases of bluffs along the Kalamazoo River, particularly in the vicinity of Big Dailey Bayou in sections 22, 26, and 27 of Manlius Township (MDNR FRD 2022; Cohen et al. 2024) (Figure 17). Thuja occidentalis L. (northern white-cedar), limited to relictual colonies in cool microhabitats in southern Michigan, occurs here with Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch (tamarack), Pinus strobus, and Tsuga canadensis. Fraxinus nigra Marshall (black ash) was formerly important but has been decimated by emerald ash borer. Characteristic understory species include Alnus incana (L.) Moench (speckled alder), Lindera benzoin, Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze (poison sumac), and Vaccinium corymbosum. Characteristic low shrubs and herbs include Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald (hog-peanut), Aralia nudicaulis L. (wild sarsaparilla), Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott (jack-in-the-pulpit), Bromus ciliatus L. (fringed brome), Caltha palustris L. (marshmarigold), Chrysosplenium americanum Hook. (golden saxifrage), Cinna arundinacea L. (wood reedgrass), Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill (enchanter’s-nightshade), Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. (goldthread), Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. (honewort), Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (bulblet fern), Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray (crested shield fern), Galium triflorum Michx. (fragrant bedstraw), Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (fowl manna grass), Maianthemum canadense, Osmunda spectabilis Willd. (royal fern), Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her. (alder-leaved buckthorn), Ribes hirtellum Michx. (swamp gooseberry), Rubus pubescens Raf. (dwarf raspberry), Solidago patula Muhl. (rough-leaved goldenrod), Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (skunk-cabbage), Thelypteris palustris Schott (marsh fern), and Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze (poison-ivy) (Schaddelee 1975). Several principally northern species that are uncommon and/or declining at lower latitudes such as Circaea alpina L. (small enchanter’s-nightshade) and Mitella nuda L. (naked miterwort) persist here, as do several orchids. In spring runs and muck flats, the Michigan Special Concern Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville (water-parsnip) occurs with Mimulus glabratus (Bentham) Grant (James’ monkey-flower), M. moschatus Lindl. (muskflower), Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton (watercress), and Parnassia glauca Raf. (grass-of-parnassus) (Figure 18).
Hardwood–conifer swamp with Aralia nudicaulis, Lindera benzoin, Pinus strobus, Symplocarpus foetidus, and Thuja occidentalis. (B. S. Slaughter)
Groundwater seeps and springs are a refuge for habitat specialists such as Berula erecta and Parnassia glauca. (R. G. Schipper)
Miner Lake Bog
Miner Lake (Fennville) Bog occupies a kettle depression in the northern half of section 34, Manlius Township (Figure 19). Like the other lakes in Allegan SGA, Miner Lake was historically characterized by widely fluctuating water levels, so much so that it initially appears as “Dry Lake” on 19th Century plat maps (Lake 1873). In the late 1970s, a berm was constructed across the narrowest part of Miner Lake; this and subsequent dredging and shoreline modification deepened but reduced the area of the lake and disrupted its connection with the downslope wetlands (HistoricAerials.com 2025).
Poor fen south of Miner Lake dominated by Carex aquatilis and Cladium mariscoides. (B. S. Slaughter)
Miner Lake Bog is composed of several natural communities. The southern arm of Miner Lake supports a rather depauperate coastal plain marsh dominated by Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (sedge), Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (twig-rush), Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton (three-way sedge), Rhynchospora macrostachya, and Schoenoplectus acutus (Bigelow) Á. Löve & D. Löve (hardstem bulrush). To the south, the coastal plain marsh grades to poor fen dominated by sedges and low shrubs with scattered small trees and tall shrubs. Prevalent here are Andromeda glaucophylla Link (bog-rosemary), Betula pumila L. (bog birch), Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. substricta Kük. (sedge), C. lasiocarpa, Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench (leatherleaf), Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis elliptica Kunth (golden-seeded spike-rush), Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E. E. Lamont (joe-pye-weed), Menyanthes trifoliata L. (buckbean), Osmunda spectabilis, Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl (beak-rush), Spiraea alba, S. tomentosa, Thelypteris palustris, Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. (marsh St. John’s-wort), and Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (large cranberry) (Schaddelee 1975).
Miner Lake Bog is not entirely a misnomer—Schaddelee (1975) described two floating sphagnum mats in Miner Lake on private property just north of ASGA, and one well-developed patch of wooded bog, or poor conifer swamp, occurs within the poor fen in ASGA.15 Schaddelee (1975) also suggested the possibility that the poor fen might have developed following a peat-consuming bog fire, but this hypothesis has not to our knowledge been explored.
The southern part of the Miner Lake basin near Mann Creek supports southern shrub-carr and hardwood–conifer swamp. The hardwood–conifer swamp is dominated by Acer rubrum but supports several impressive supercanopy specimens of Pinus strobus. Overall, the flora of this swamp is like that of the hardwood–conifer swamp above the Big Dailey Bayou but lacks the specialized flora associated with calcareous seepages of the latter. Schaddelee (1975) described an association of principally northern taxa occurring in the ecotone of this swamp and the adjacent oak forest. Of particular interest is Cornus canadensis L. (bunchberry), observed only from one other station in ASGA.
Ecological Site F097XA031MI—Acidic Peaty Depression
Acidic Peaty Depression is a provisional ecological site assigned to areas of extremely acidic to very strongly acidic (pH< 4.5) peats supporting Sphagnum spp. (sphagnum mosses) and other acidophilic vegetation coinciding with the bog and poor conifer swamp natural communities (Cohen et al. 2020; NRCS 2024f). Ten areas typed as bog or forested bog are mapped by MDNR FRD (2022), totaling approximately 27 ha (68 ac) (Figure 20). The most noteworthy examples are EOs that border Little Tom Lake in sections 25 and 26 of Clyde Township and Miner Lake in section 34 of Manlius Township (Cohen et al. 2024).
Bog with Chamaedaphne calyculata, Cladium mariscoides, Eriophorum virginicum, and Vaccinium macrocarpon. (R. G. Schipper)
Little Tom Lake
The small, shallow, acidic Little Tom Lake is partially encircled by a fringe of Chamaedaphne calyculata bog supporting an interesting assemblage of coastal plain marsh species such as Rhexia virginica L. (meadow-beauty) and bog species such as Andromeda glaucophylla, Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (small cranberry), and Anchistea virginica. Most of the bog is dominated by tall shrubs, especially Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray (Michigan holly) and Vaccinium corymbosum. The bog grades to swamp forest.16
Miner Lake Bog
At Miner Lake, a discrete “island” supporting poor conifer swamp (wooded bog) occurs in the southeastern lobe of the kettle depression. The poor conifer swamp is dominated by small Larix laricina and Pinus strobus and a dense, nearly impenetrable understory of Vaccinium corymbosum. A narrow, discontinuous band of open bog fringes the northern and western margins of this poor conifer swamp and, despite its small area, supports several noteworthy species including Arethusa bulbosa L. (dragon’s mouth) and Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl. (white fringed orchid) (Figure 21). Just north of ASGA, Schaddelee (1975) described two floating bog mats in Miner Lake. Based on recent aerial photographs, the northern of these mats no longer appears to be present and the southern appears to be significantly altered (HistoricAerials.com 2025).
Arethusa bulbosa (A) and Platanthera blephariglottis (B) occur locally at Miner Lake. (B. S. Slaughter)
Ecological Site F097XA027MI – Wet Floodplain
Wet Floodplain is a provisional ecological site encompassing the periodically inundated first bottoms of major stream floodplains (NRCS 2024g). Most of these areas were included within the mixed hardwood swamp circa 1800 cover type, the most extensive of which occurred in the Kalamazoo River floodplain downstream of the City of Allegan (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008). In the MNFI classification, Wet Floodplain is part of the broader floodplain forest concept (Tepley et al. 2004; Cohen et al. 2020).
MDNR FRD (2022) maps over 1,900 ha (4,700 ac) of wetlands in the floodplain of the Kalamazoo River, most of it classified as lowland deciduous and lowland maple cover types. Several large patches of floodplain forest between Lake Allegan and New Richmond are mapped as part of a large EO (Cohen et al. 2024). The first bottoms of these floodplain forests are dominated by Acer saccharinum L. (silver maple) and, until recently, Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Lincoln 2017a) (Figure 22). Other woody species characteristic of the first bottoms are Acer negundo L. (box-elder), Cephalanthus occidentalis, Menispermum canadense L. (moonseed), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. (Virginia creeper), Populus deltoides Marshall (cottonwood), Salix nigra Marshall (black willow), Toxicodendron radicans, Ulmus americana, and Vitis riparia Michx. (river-bank grape) (Lincoln 2017a). Characteristic herbs include Boehmeria cylindrica, Elymus virginicus L. (Virginia wild-rye), Iris virginica L. (southern blue flag), Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. (wood nettle), Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (cut grass), L. virginica Willd. (white grass), Lysimachia ciliata L. (fringed loosestrife), L. nummularia L. (moneywort), Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small (smartweed), Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass), Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. (obedient plant), and Ranunculus hispidus Michx. (swamp buttercup). Extensive stands of Cephalanthus occidentalis and other shrubs and emergent marshes composed of Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Soják (bulrush), Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl. (arrow-arum), Schoenoplectus spp. (bulrushes), and Typha spp. (cat-tails) occur in the broadest areas of the floodplain.17
Over much of the eastern United States and southern Canada, floodplain forests that develop follow significant logging, agricultural conversion, or major changes in hydrology converge on enough structural and compositional characteristics to be recognized as a unique group in the National Vegetation Classification—Eastern North American Ruderal Flooded & Swamp Forest (NatureServe 2024). These typically support open, patchy, or closed canopies composed primarily of early successional native species, understories often dominated or co-dominated by non-native shrubs and vines, and herbaceous layers dominated by native and non-native weedy taxa. At ASGA, several areas of ruderal floodplain forest occupy portions of the Kalamazoo River floodplain that were historically impounded, such as the stretch of river upstream of Trowbridge Dam (Section 12, Trowbridge Township). Characteristic tree species include Acer negundo, A. saccharinum, Juglans nigra L. (black walnut), Morus alba L. (white mulberry), Populus deltoides, Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana, and U. rubra Muhl. (slippery elm). Representative small trees, shrubs, and woody vines are Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (pawpaw), Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Oriental bittersweet), Cornus spp. (dogwoods), Fraxinus americana L. (white ash), F. pennsylvanica, Ligustrum vulgare L. (common privet), Lonicera ×bella Zabel (hybrid honeysuckle), L. maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Amur honeysuckle), Parthenocissus quinquefolia, and Vitis riparia. Common herbs include Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (garlic mustard), Carex grayi J. Carey (sedge), Geum canadense Jacq. (white avens), Glechoma hederacea L. (groundivy), Hesperis matronalis L. (dame’s rocket), Impatiens capensis, Laportea canadensis, Lysimachia nummularia, Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. (jumpseed), Phalaris arundinacea, and Poa trivialis L. (bluegrass).
Extensive areas of floodplain forest dominated by Acer saccharinum occur in the Kalamazoo River floodplain. (B. S. Slaughter)
Ecological Site F097XA025MI – Moist Floodplain
The Moist Floodplain (or Sandy Floodplain) provisional ecological site includes sites that flood periodically but only for short durations, resulting in dominance by mesophytic species (NRCS 2024h). These sites can occur on sandbars and terraces in and along large streams and floodplains of smaller streams. On the circa 1800 cover maps, Moist Floodplain is typically mapped as mixed hardwood swamp or beech–sugar maple forest (or not differentiated if occurring at too small a scale) (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008).18 Like Wet Floodplain, Moist Floodplain fits the broader floodplain forest concept in the MNFI natural community classification (Tepley et al. 2004; Cohen et al. 2020).
Moist Floodplain on levees and terraces in the Kalamazoo River floodplain is floristically richer than Wet Floodplain, supporting many more tree species and much richer understories and herbaceous layers that resemble mesic southern forest (Figure 23). Canopy dominance varies but typical constituents include Acer negundo, A. nigrum F. Michx. (black maple), A. saccharum, Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch (bitternut hickory), Celtis occidentalis L. (hackberry), Fagus grandifolia, Gleditsia triacanthos L. (honey locust), Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis L. (sycamore), Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (bur oak), Q. muehlenbergii Engelm. (chinquapin oak), Q. rubra, and Tilia americana L. (basswood). Characteristic understory trees and shrubs include Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana, Cercis canadensis L. (redbud), Fraxinus americana, Lindera benzoin, and Staphylea trifolia L. (bladdernut). Typical herbs include Alliaria petiolata, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Asarum canadense L. (wild-ginger), Carex spp. (sedges), Circaea canadensis, Elymus hystrix L. (bottlebrush grass), Enemion biternatum Raf. (false rue-anemone), Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev (nodding fescue), Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. (false mermaid), Geranium maculatum L. (wild geranium), Laportea canadensis, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe (black snakeroot), Solidago spp. (goldenrods), Toxicodendron radicans, and Viola sororia Willd. (common blue violet).
Mesic terraces along the Kalamazoo River support rich assemblages of herbaceous species such as Allium canadense, Arisaema triphyllum, Asarum canadense, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Elymus hystrix, Geranium maculatum, Maianthemum racemosum, Podophyllum peltatum, Sanguinaria canadensis, and Trillium grandiflorum. (B. S. Slaughter)
Disturbed and ruderal forests on mesic terraces tend to have lower proportions of late-successional trees such as Acer nigrum, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, and Tilia americana and weedier understories and herbaceous layers. However, several uncommon and listed species including Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. (mullein-foxglove) and Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mack. (large-flowered leafcup) are concentrated in these disturbed habitats and occur at lower frequency in less disturbed areas.
Sandbars and muck flats in and along the Kalamazoo River and larger tributaries support distinctive assemblages of wetland plants such as Bidens cernua L. (nodding beggar-ticks), Cyperus bipartitus Kunth (brook nut sedge), C. erythrorhizos Muhl. (umbrella sedge), C. odoratus L. (umbrella sedge), C. squarrosus L. (umbrella sedge), Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) A. Heller (salt-marsh cockspur grass), Eleocharis intermedia Schult. (spike-rush), Equisetum hyemale L. (scouring rush), Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (creeping love grass), Ludwigia palustris, Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell (false pimpernel), Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene (fog-fruit), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla (softstem bulrush), and Xanthium strumarium L. (common cocklebur).
Ecological Site R097XA024MI – Great Lakes Marsh
The Great Lakes Marsh provisional ecological site includes areas of poorly drained and very poorly drained soils that fringe water bodies affected by variations of Lake Michigan water levels (NRCS 2024i). The Webster Marsh Area of ASGA includes a portion of a Great Lakes marsh EO associated with the drowned mouth of the Kalamazoo River (Cohen et al. 2024). Most of that portion of the EO within ASGA is classified as emergent wetland or open water; at least one large stand of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. subsp. australis (reed) is also present (MDNR FRD 2022; Cohen et al. 2024).
Aquatic Habitats
NRCS (2024e) notes that areas dominated by aquatic vegetation fall outside the terrestrial ecological sites described above. In the MNFI natural community classification, communities of rooted and non-rooted submergent plants, rooted floating-leaved plants, and/or non-rooted floating plants are classified as submergent marsh (Cohen et al. 2020). The first systematic botanical studies at ASGA concerned the submergent plant communities in Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes.19 Perry (1942) reported the bottoms of Little Tom and Round lakes were largely vegetated, but that vegetation in Ely Lake was restricted to water less than 1.5 m (5 ft) deep. Abundant and common submergent and floatingleaved species in July 1937 were Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel. (water-shield) at Round Lake, Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt (slender naiad) at Round Lake, Nuphar advena (Aiton) W. T. Aiton (yellow pond-lily) at Little Tom and Round lakes, Nymphaea odorata Aiton (sweet-scented waterlily) at Round Lake, Potamogeton bicupulatus Fernald (waterthread pondweed) at Little Tom Lake, P. gramineus L. (pondweed) at Round Lake, Utricularia purpurea Walter (purple bladderwort) at Little Tom Lake, and U. vulgaris L. (common bladderwort) at Ely and Round lakes (Perry 1942) (Figure 24). The shallower portions of these and other lakes at ASGA support emergent vegetation.20
Utricularia purpurea (A) and U. vulgaris (B) are among the seven bladderwort species present at Allegan State Game Area. (B. S. Slaughter)
Generalist submergent plant species are widespread in lakes, ponds, impoundments, ditches, and streams at ASGA. Among the most prevalent taxa (in addition to those listed above) are Ceratophyllum demersum L. (coontail), Lemna minor L. (common duckweed), Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian water-milfoil), Potamogeton illinoensis Morong (Illinois pondweed), P. natans L. (pondweed), P. nodosus Poir. (pondweed), P. zosteriformis Fernald (flatstemmed pondweed), Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. (greater duckweed), Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner (sago pondweed), Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. (pointed water meal), and W. columbiana H. Karst. (common water meal).
The Human Presence
Native Americans
Paleoindians established at least a transient presence in southern Lower Michigan by 13,000 YBP (Talbot et al. 2021; Nash et al. 2024). Archaeological evidence of Pleistocene peoples is sparse, but Garland and Kingsley (1978) documented three artifacts from this period at two sites downstream of ASGA in Saugatuck Township. The earliest artifacts in the vicinity of ASGA date to the Archaic (8000 BCE–1000 BCE) and Woodland (1000 BCE–1650 CE) cultural periods; these have been documented from several locations along and near the Kalamazoo River and its tributaries (Cremin et. 1978). Most of the artifacts occur in isolation or as “scatters” over larger areas, suggestive of small, nomadic groups moving through the area seasonally in search of game (Cremin et al. 1978). Garland and Kingsley (1978) and Garland and Rhead (1980) comment on the near absence of archaeological sites on the “pine plains” north and south of the Kalamazoo River, arguing that the endemic oak–pine forests had few resources to offer early inhabitants.
One of the few areas with evidence of long-term occupation is the Elam site. The Elam site is a private inholding in the Kalamazoo River floodplain just downstream of Lake Allegan (Jeakle 1992). A series of excavations conducted in the 1970s and 1980s revealed artifacts dating to the Early Woodland, Late Woodland, and Middle Historic (ca. 1670 CE–1740 CE) periods (Cogswell 1988; Jeakle 1992). Jeakle (1992) proposed a 1680 CE–1705 CE timeframe for a “continuous transient occupation” of the Elam site by the Potawatomi or Odawa, two of the three major tribes of the Anishnabeg, or “original people” who occupied most of Michigan from the 16th Century onward.21 By the beginning of the 19th Century, the Anishnabeg were interacting with European fur traders who had set up trading camps in the area (Johnson 1880; Jeakle 1992).
Early Settlement of the Sandy Districts
The Potawatomi signed the Treaty of Chicago in August 1821, ceding most of their territory in southwestern Lower Michigan to the United States federal government (Lewis 2002).22 In 1830, the first settlers arrived—William G. Butler and family settled in Saugatuck Township, and Giles Scott and family settled in Otsego Township (Johnson 1880). Settlement was initially slow but increased rapidly following the official organization of Allegan County in 1835 (Johnson 1880; Lewis 2002). Accounts of the early settlement of the ASGA region indicate its principal attraction was timber (Johnson 1880):
The township of Heath has grown but slowly since its settlement, from the fact that its first residents were attracted by the prolific growth of pine timber, and located there only for the purposes of lumbering. Finding no strong inducements to remain after the forests had been felled, they departed for other fields of labor . . . pine has been the principal timber of the township and its chief source of revenue. The largest and best trees have, however, been generally converted into lumber, leaving an inferior quality still upon the ground, and even this is rapidly disappearing.
Manlius first attracted attention because of its importance as a lumbering region, and its timber-lands were early purchased in large tracts by Eastern capitalists, who for years carried on extensive operations in the country bordering the Kalamazoo River . . . the valuable timber has well-nigh disappeared.
[Pine Plains] Township was originally remarkable, as its name indicates, for its excellent pine-timber land . . . much of the pine has already been cut, but enough still remains to attract lumbermen from other regions to this locality.23
By the mid-1870s, timber resources had been exhausted by cutting and slash fires, and attention had shifted towards the production of agricultural crops such as corn, potatoes, wheat, and various fruits (Johnson 1880; Thomas 1907). These efforts proved fruitless in the ASGA region due to the combination of environmental factors such as the prevailing acidic, low-nutrient soils and a relatively short growing season and cultural factors such as the destruction and erosion of surface soils and unfavorable economic conditions (Lemerand 1965). By the beginning of the 20th Century, the local population had started to decline as people sold, traded, or abandoned their farms. Agricultural abandonment and worsening poverty set the stage for the acquisition of these lands by the federal government beginning in the 1930s.24
Fennville Farm Unit
The Fennville Farm Unit of ASGA has a unique ecology and land use history (Figure 25). This unit covers a portion of what was once a large peatland forming the headwaters of the North Fork Black River. The core of this peatland was an approximately 160-ha (400-ac) “cranberry marsh,” mapped as a muskeg/bog on the circa 1800 cover map (Britain 1831; Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008). This was surrounded by nearly 2,000 ha (5,000) of tamarack swamp. The entire area was likely somewhat minerotrophic—Alnus incana was recorded as a frequent associate of Larix laricina, and Thuja occidentalis was also locally important (Britain 1831).
The Fennville Farm Unit was historically part of a large peatland that was drained and converted for mint production. (R. G. Schipper)
William Green, one of the pioneer settlers of Allegan County, purchased 80 acres of land in Section 17 of Clyde Township to produce mint sometime after 1867 (The Kace Publishing Company 1895; Thomas 1907). By the end of the 19th Century, the vast “Severens Marsh” had been entirely converted for this purpose, with large farms operated by H. F. Severens and A. M. Todd (Lane 1983; Allosso 2020). Todd named his holdings “Campania,” and it and another of his properties (“Mentha”) in Van Buren County were the two largest mint farms in the United States in the first part of the 20th Century, providing peppermint and spearmint oils to a variety of clients including the W. Wrigley, Jr. Company (Allosso 2020).25
The mint industry in Michigan declined in the early–mid 1900s, this attributed to a variety of potential factors including low prices, disease, adherence to outdated agricultural practices, and the geographic shift of the industry to the Pacific Northwest (Landing 1963). In 1949, the A. M. Todd Company sold Campania to the State of Michigan.24
Origins and Establishment of ASGA
The lands comprising the core of ASGA were initially acquired from private landowners by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as part of the Allegan Land Utilization Project (MDNR WLD 2012). This was one of several national projects initiated in the 1930s targeting the reclamation of lands that were ill-suited for farming and relocation of residents to lands more suitable for farming or other economic opportunities. The Allegan County acquisitions were managed by the USDA Soil Conservation Service until 1940, after which the lands were managed by the Michigan Department of Conservation under a lease with the USDA Forest Service. From 1949 to 1951, ownership was transferred to the State of Michigan, with management split between the MDC Forestry Division (Allegan State Forest) and MDC Game Division (Swan Creek Experiment Station) (Lemerand 1965; MDNR WLD 2012). A third unit, the Fennville State Game Area, was assembled beginning in 1949 using funds derived from the Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act. In 1964, all three properties were combined and rededicated as ASGA under the MDNR Wildlife Division (MDNR WLD 2012). Over the past several decades, purchases of additional parcels within the project boundary have increased the size of ASGA to approximately 20,500 ha (50,656 ac) (Figure 1).
Previous Work
History of Botanical Exploration
Botanical documentation in Allegan County began in earnest in the 1890s. Most of these early collections were from the vicinity of Saugatuck but a few were made from the vicinities of Hamilton and Fennville near the present-day ASGA. The first specimens that can confidently be ascribed to the ASGA were collected by Calvin H. Kauffman of the University of Michigan. Kauffman was active in the New Richmond area in 1910 and 1913, amassing nearly 200 specimens from the area. Although most of these collections lack precise locations, several were ascribed to the Big Dailey Bayou. Only a few specimens were collected from ASGA between then and 1930, when L. A. Kenoyer (Western Michigan University), L. H. Bailey, Jr. (famed botanist, formerly of Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University) and then Cornell University), and P. E. Hebert (University of Notre Dame) documented several species from Round Lake and sand plains near Fennville. This was the beginning of an active period for collectors working in the region, coinciding with the establishment of the Swan Lake Wildlife Experiment Station (1937) and surveys of Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes conducted under the Institute for Fisheries Research (Perry 1942). Collections from the 1930s and 1940s were of sufficient number and ecological breadth to begin to elucidate the natural communities and flora of the ASGA.
Interest in the flora of ASGA continued into the 1950s, with substantial contributions from C. W. Bazuin (Grand Rapids Union High School), G. W. Parmelee (Michigan State University), and R. McVaugh (University of Michigan). E. G. Voss (University of Michigan) added 77 specimens beginning in 1957 coinciding with the initiation of the Michigan Flora project (Voss 1972, 1985, 1996). Other collectors active in the late 1950s and 1960s included J. K. Hiltunen (Wayne State University), R. W. Pippen (Western Michigan University), and W. P. Stoutamire (Cranbrook Institute of Science).
Several important works on the ecology and flora of ASGA were completed in the 1970s. The first of these was a quantitative study of the overstories and understories of five oak forests that included an evaluation of historic conditions based on GLO notes and persistent stumps of Pinus strobus L. (white pine) (Brewer et al. 1973). In 1970, G. J. Pierce, then a graduate student at Western Michigan University, began his study of the coastal plain floristic element in Michigan (Pierce 1974). Three of his study sites were in ASGA—Crooked Lake, Little Tom Lake, and 116th Avenue Pond. In 1975, L. A. Schaddelee, Jr. completed a thesis describing and providing interpretive context for the ecology, flora, fauna, and archaeological significance of the Miner Lake region in Manlius Township (Schaddelee 1975). Schaddelee’s ecological descriptions, species lists, and phytogeographic commentary are an invaluable precursor to this paper and are referenced throughout.
The next period of concentrated botanical work began in 1986, with significant contributions from A. A. Reznicek (University of Michigan) and D. A. Albert, L. A. Schaddelee, and M. R. Penskar of Michigan Natural Features Inventory (MNFI). MNFI inventories of the previously overlooked portion of ASGA in Heath and Monterey townships, east-southeast of the community of Hamilton, revealed a remarkable assemblage of coastal plain marshes, wetmesic sand prairies, and other seasonally or interannually wet depressions supporting unique plant communities. In addition to numerous populations of coastal plain disjuncts, including several state records, this area also supported the last documented Michigan population of Gentiana puberulenta (prairie gentian).
The first decade of the 21st Century was marked by few new specimens— only 32 collections are reported in Michigan Flora Online (2011), nine of them made by the authors. This quiet period ended in 2011, and collecting picked up in 2012 just before commencement of the work presented here.
The Coastal Plain Element
A peculiar suite of plant species of the Atlantic coastal plain with more-orless disjunct populations near the southern rim of Lake Michigan has long drawn the interest of botanists working in the region (Hill 1899). Peattie (1922) identified four categories of species constituting the coastal plain element in the Lower Great Lakes region—species of discontinuous ranges with an absence of intervening stations between the Atlantic coastal plain and the vicinity of Lake Michigan (i.e., disjunct plants); species concentrated along the coastal plain that occur more generally along the Great Lakes shorelines; species endemic to the Great Lakes; and species of acidic soil that are “too general in distribution off the coastal plain to belong in that category and yet . . . too restricted to be classed as general types of eastern North America.” Peattie argued that the presence of these species reflected migration along the shores of bodies of water that, in glacial times, served as dispersal corridors between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. This was followed by range fragmentation and isolation as environmental conditions became less favorable.
Peattie’s explanation for the coastal plain element was encumbered by the limited number and geographic bias of herbarium specimens at that time. Those areas of Michigan he interpreted as being rich in coastal plain elements— namely, Grand Rapids, Port Huron, and Saginaw Bay—perhaps seemed remarkable at the time because they were relatively well-collected (Dodge 1900; Cole 1901; Ruthven 1911) and because they were located along Peattie’s preferred dispersal route along the Great Lakes and a major connecting channel (i.e., the Grand River). Peattie’s argument was challenged as collectors discovered numerous inland stations for coastal plain species in the following decades. At Allegan SGA, a survey of Crooked, Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes conducted under the Institute for Fisheries Research yielded specimens of the first four coastal plain elements documented from ASGA (Perry 1942) (Table 1). Continued exploration of the region by C. W. Bazuin and others resulted in the documentation of 10 additional coastal plain taxa by the end of the 1950s.
Coastal plain disjuncts and first collections from Allegan State Game Area. State Status: E=Endangered; T=Threatened; SC=Special Concern. Distribution Codes: W=Widespread; R=Restricted to Coastal Plain; N=Northern (Reznicek 1994).
Species |
Common Name |
State Status |
Distribution Code |
First Collection |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bartonia paniculata |
panicled screw-stem |
T |
W |
1995-08-22 A. A. Reznicek 10141 (MICH) |
Carex longii |
sedge |
- |
W |
1952-06-21 C. W. Bazuin 8874 (MSC) |
Coleataenia longifolia |
long-leaved panic grass |
T |
R |
1970-08-09 G. J. Pierce 1439 (MICH) |
Dichanthelium meridionale |
mat panic grass |
- |
W |
1968-07-06 J. K. Hiltunen 4271 (WUD) |
Dichanthelium spretum |
panic grass |
- |
R |
1970-08-02 G. J. Pierce 1404 (MICH) |
Echinodorus tenellus |
dwarf burhead |
E |
R |
1989-09-04 L. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH) |
Eleocharis melanocarpa |
black-fruited spike-rush |
- |
R |
1940-06-06 C. W. Bazuin 1156 (MSC) |
Eleocharis microcarpa |
small-fruited spike-rush |
E |
R |
1985-09-14 E. G. Voss 15784 (MICH) |
Eleocharis tricostata |
three-ribbed spike-rush |
T |
R |
1970-08-09 G. J. Pierce 1445 (MICH) |
Euthamia caroliniana |
slender goldentop |
- |
W |
1942-08-04 C. W. Bazuin 4994 (WUD) |
Fuirena pumila |
umbrella-grass |
T |
R |
1970-08-30 G. J. Pierce 1720 (MICH, WMU) |
Hydrocotyle umbellata |
water-pennywort |
- |
W |
1959-09-12 E. G. Voss 9142 (MICH) |
Isoëtes engelmannii |
Engelmann’s quillwort |
E |
W |
1989-09-09 M. R. Penskar 1151 (MICH) |
Juncus scirpoides |
round-headed rush |
T |
W |
1989-09-09 M. R. Penskar 1146 (MICH) |
Lechea pulchella |
Leggett’s pinweed |
T |
W |
1989-09-26 A. Reznicek 8605 (MICH) |
Linum striatum |
stiff yellow flax |
- |
W |
2014-08-10 W. S. Martinus 621b (MICH) |
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa |
round-fruited loosestrife |
E |
R |
2012-08-05 B. S. Slaughter 801 (MICH) |
Lycopodiella subappressa |
northern clubmoss |
SC |
W |
1998-08-30 W. H. Wagner, Jr. 98046a1 (MICH) |
Panicum verrucosum |
warty panic grass |
T |
R |
1999-08-18 A. A. Reznicek 10957, 10965 (MICH) |
Persicaria careyi |
Carey’s heartsease |
T |
N |
1937-08-06 D. A. Allen s.n. (MSC) |
Piptochaetium avenaceum |
black oatgrass |
- |
W |
1952-06-21 C. W. Bazuin 8864 (MSC) |
Polygala cruciata |
cross-leaved milkwort |
SC |
W |
1956-08-28 C. W. Bazuin 9622 (MICH) |
Potamogeton bicupulatus |
waterthread pondweed |
T |
N |
1937-07-23 D. C. Chandler 153 (MICH) |
Rhexia mariana |
Maryland meadow-beauty |
T |
W |
1989-09-04 L. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH) |
Rhexia virginica |
Virginia meadow-beauty |
SC |
W |
1956-08-28 C. W. Bazuin 9621 (MICH) |
Rhynchospora macrostachya |
tall beak-rush |
SC |
W |
1937-08-18 D. A. Allen s.n. (MSC) |
Rhynchospora nitens |
short-beaked bald-rush |
E |
R |
1999-08-18 A. A. Reznicek 10966 (MICH) |
Rhynchospora scirpoides |
bald-rush |
SC |
R |
1958-09-14 E. G. Voss 8170 (MICH) |
Scleria reticularis |
netted nut-rush |
T |
R |
1970-09-13 G. J. Pierce 1811 (MICH) |
Sisyrinchium atlanticum |
eastern blue-eyed-grass |
T |
R |
1986-08-03 A. A. Reznicek 7809 (MICH) |
Stachys hyssopifolia |
hyssop hedgenettle |
- |
W |
1942-08-04 C. W. Bazuin 4985 (BLH) |
Utricularia geminiscapa |
bog bladderwort |
- |
N |
1937-07-23 D. C. Chandler 150 (MICH) |
Xyris difformis |
yellow-eyed-grass |
- |
R |
1957-08-28 C. W. Bazuin 9626 (MSC) |
Xyris torta |
yellow-eyed grass |
- |
W |
2018-08-18 W. S. Martinus 1477 (MICH) |
As mentioned above, G. J. Pierce began his study of the coastal plain floristic element in Michigan in 1970 (Pierce 1974). In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of previous efforts to explain the distributions of these taxa, Pierce conducted field studies at 50 lakes, 31 of which supported coastal plain species. Pierce found that the lakes that supported disjuncts were not restricted to specific landforms but otherwise shared three key attributes: fluctuating water levels; a landscape matrix consisting of nutrient-poor, sandy soils; and shoreline substrates consisting of pure sand, sand mixed with sedge peat, or pure sedge peat (Pierce 1974). Pierce noted the ecological similarity of these locations to habitats supporting many of the same species in the northern part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain at Cape Cod (Massachusetts), as described by Sinnott (1912). Indeed, habitats in the Great Lakes region that support rich assemblages of coastal plain taxa closely approximate those on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are similarly classified in both regions (Kost and Penskar 2000; Jacquart et al. 2002; Epstein 2017; Cohen et al. 2020; Swain 2020; NatureServe 2024; New York Natural Heritage Program 2024).
Three of Pierce’s study sites were in ASGA—Crooked Lake, Little Tom Lake, and 116th Avenue Pond. Pierce highlighted Crooked Lake as “an ideal locale for the southwestern Michigan occurrence of Coastal Plain species” due to its diverse zonation and presence of each of the five indicator species he selected for study (Pierce 1974). Pierce also collected the first ASGA specimens of five coastal plain disjuncts, two of which were not previously known from Michigan—Coleataenia longifolia (Torr.) Soreng (long-leaved panic grass) and Scleria reticularis (Pierce and Pippen 1977) (Table 1; Figure 26). At the close of Pierce’s study, 21 coastal plain disjuncts were known from ASGA, all of them from the vicinity of Crooked, Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes (Michigan Flora Online 2011).
G. J. Pierce discovered the first Michigan populations of Coleataenia longifolia (A) and Scleria reticularis (B) at Allegan State Game Area in 1970. (B. S. Slaughter)
Nearly 50 years after the first documentation of coastal plain species at Crooked, Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes, a second concentration of these taxa was discovered in the northeastern part of ASGA, east-southeast of Hamilton. Here, staff with MNFI—especially D. A. Albert, L. A. Schaddelee, and M. R. Penskar—and A. A. Reznicek (University of Michigan) made several notable finds, including the first state records for Isoëtes engelmannii A. Braun (Engelmann’s spike-rush) and Rhexia mariana L. (Maryland meadowbeauty); the second record for Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau (dwarf burhead), previously known only from an 1837 collection near White Pigeon, St. Joseph County; and two populations of the globally vulnerable Schoenoplectiella hallii (A. Gray) Lye (Hall’s bulrush), itself not a disjunct but consistently associated with such species in Michigan (Table 1; Figure 27). Some of the coastal plain marshes here such as Goose Lake and 36th Street Marsh are especially rich in coastal plain disjuncts and state-listed species (Figure 28).
Echinodorus tenellus (A) is one of the scarcest coastal plain disjuncts in Michigan, known to be extant only in Allegan State Game Area. Rhexia mariana (B) forms large, showy colonies in ecotones. Schoenoplectiella hallii (C) is a globally vulnerable species that often co-occurs with coastal plain disjuncts but is itself principally a Midwestern species. (B. S. Slaughter–a, c; R. G. Schipper–b)
Goose Lake with shallow standing water in June (A), and drawn-down with a dense, lawn-like growth of Rhynchospora spp. and other annuals in October (B). (R. G. Schipper)
Coincident with the flurry of discoveries at ASGA, A. A. Reznicek (1994) published a modern synthesis and discussion of the coastal plain element in the Great Lakes region. Reznicek identified 62 coastal plain disjuncts and classified each into one of three subgroups—widespread species of the eastern and southeastern United States with a major portion of their ranges on the coastal plain; species essentially confined to the coastal plain with disjunct occurrences in the Great Lakes region and a minimal number of additional extralimital occurrences; and eastern and northeastern species. To explain the migration of these taxa into the Great Lakes region, Reznicek argued for avian dispersal to discrete areas of suitable habitat when it was most extensive (i.e., during drying stages of the postglacial Great Lakes). Because suitable habitats are small and isolated at present, the role of modern dispersal, then, must be insignificant.
Some insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics of the coastal plain flora was provided by a paleoecological study of Portage Marsh in Portage County, Indiana (Jackson and Singer 1997). Based on pollen and plant macrofossils collected from sediment cores, Jackson and Singer described three major phases of the marsh—a sparsely vegetated marl lake surrounded by open boreal forest during the late glacial period (>10,000 YBP); a shallow lake with a substrate covered by submergent vascular and non-vascular plants surrounded by mixed mesic forests during the early Holocene (10,000–5,700 YBP); and a shallow, peat-accumulating marsh supporting a diverse emergent flora surrounded by oak savanna during the mid-Holocene (5,700–2,800 YBP).26 Four coastal plain elements— Eleocharis equisetoides (Elliott) Torr. (horsetail spike rush), Fuirena pumila Spreng. (umbrella-grass), Rhynchospora macrostachya, and R. scirpoides (Torr.) Griseb. (bald-rush)—established in Portage Marsh between 5,700 and 4,500 YBP. Only Rhynchospora macrostachya is extant—Fuirena pumila and Rhynchospora scirpoides might have persisted until European settlement and disturbance of the area, while Eleocharis equisetoides had apparently disappeared by 2,800 YBP.
Based on the pollen and macrofossils at Portage Marsh and the paleoclimatic record, Jackson and Singer (1997) posited that coastal plain species more generally might be a more recent arrival to the southern Lake Michigan region, establishing only after a drying climate created suitable habitats after ca. 5,700 YBP. In their hypothesis, coastal plain taxa are suggested to have colonized from formerly suitable habitats in the eastern Great Lakes region that were contemporaneously becoming wetter and less suitable. This remains to be explored but nonetheless intimates the dynamic spatiotemporal nature of the coastal plain flora.
The global significance of the North American Coastal Plain was long neglected or misunderstood, but it was finally recognized as the 36th global biodiversity hotspot in 2016 (Noss et al. 2015; Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund 2025). One of the foundational documents supporting this recognition was a paper on the phytogeographic patterns of the endemic coastal plain flora, defined as species for which at least 90% of populations/occurrences are on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains (Sorrie and Weakley 2001). Based on this strict criterion, Sorrie and Weakley identified nine species of coastal plain endemics with disjunct occurrences in the Great Lakes region, six of which occur at ASGA: Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. (black-fruited spike-rush), E. tricostata Torr. (three-ribbed spike-rush), Fuirena pumila, Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Elliott (round-fruited loosestrife), Rhynchospora scirpoides, and Scleria reticularis.
METHODS
Field Collections
Collecting expeditions for the explicit purpose of compiling a vascular flora of ASGA were conducted 2014–2024. Also incorporated are several collections made in a more arbitrary fashion prior to this period, dating to 1999. Particular attention was given to high-quality habitats, rare habitats, and habitats supporting concentrations of previously unvouchered species. Collections were examined, identified, and/or annotated by the authors and A. A. Reznicek, Curator Emeritus at The University of Michigan Herbarium (MICH). All specimens are curated at MICH.
Herbarium Records
Existing collections from the vicinity of ASGA accessioned at MICH and other herbaria and searchable in Michigan Flora Online (2011) were reviewed for inclusion in the annotated checklist of vascular plants (Appendix A). All such specimens labeled as having been collected from ASGA under its current or former names (e.g., Allegan State Forest, Swan Creek Experimental Station) are incorporated in the checklist. Specimens lacking precise geographic information but that appear to have been collected from or very near ASGA are included in the checklist if the species is otherwise verified by one or more collections made by the authors. Specimens with imprecise geographic information that have not been observed or vouchered by the authors are not included in the checklist—see Appendix B for a checklist of excluded taxa. In a very few instances in which other material is lacking, specimens of easily distinguished species databased and imaged for Consortium of Midwest Herbaria (2025) that have not been examined for inclusion in Michigan Flora Online (2011) are incorporated into our list.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Synopsis of the Flora
A total of 3,092 specimens collected from 1910 through 2025 are referenced in the annotated checklist of vascular plants (Appendix A). Over two-thirds (2,078) of these specimens were collected by the authors (R. G. Schipper–1,222; W. S. Martinus–798; B. S. Slaughter–58), mostly during an eight-year period from 2014 through 2021.
As presented here, the ASGA vascular flora consists of 1,338 taxa including 1,311 taxa that are fully treated in Michigan Flora Online (2011), 16 additional subspecific taxa, and 11 hybrids (Table 2). The vouchered, spontaneous flora at ASGA represents 45% of the statewide flora and 1,003 (55%) of the 1,814 species native to Michigan (Michigan Flora Online 2011). A total of 140 plant families are represented. Poaceae (143 taxa), Cyperaceae (142 taxa), and Asteraceae (128 taxa) account for 31% of the ASGA flora, slightly higher than their statewide proportion of 29% (Michigan Flora Online 2011).
Summary of vascular plants (species, subspecies, and hybrids) collected from Allegan State Game Area, 1910–2025. Native species are native to Michigan but not necessarily Allegan State Game Area.
Taxa |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxonomic Group |
Families |
Genera |
Native |
Introduced |
Total |
Lycophytes |
3 |
7 |
14 |
0 |
14 |
Ferns |
11 |
23 |
38 |
0 |
38 |
Conifers |
3 |
9 |
9 |
7 |
16 |
Angiosperms |
123 |
512 |
958 |
312 |
1,270 |
Total |
140 |
550 |
1,019 |
319 |
1,338 |
Percentage of Total Species |
76.2% |
23.8% |
|||
Phytogeography
Species Richness
The 1,311 species and 1,003 native species fully treated in Michigan Flora Online (2011) are the largest figures reported for a sub-county scale land area in Michigan—both figures would rank ASGA 10th in species richness among the 83 counties. While this suggests ASGA might be a particularly species-rich area, there is very little comparable data at similar spatial scales in the region from which to draw comparisons. Several floristic studies of large but subcounty-scale areas like ASGA have been published in The Michigan Botanist and The Great Lakes Botanist, but almost all of these are from relatively depauperate northern regions. In the absence of such studies, some inferences can be drawn from species richness density models, field observations, and published inventories of smaller sites.
The regions bordering the southern shores of Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario appear to harbor the densest concentrations of vascular plant species and native vascular plant species in the glaciated Midwest (Kartesz 2015). The most impressive figures come from Chicago, Illinois and vicinity, where native vascular plant density locally exceeds 1,200 species per 2,500 km2 (965 mi2), an area only slightly larger than Allegan County. The 3,149 taxa reported from the 22-county Chicago region27 by Wilhelm and Rericha (2017) exceed statewide figures for Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin (Michigan Flora Online 2011; Rothrock 2018). At the site scale, the richness of the region is illustrated by the presence of an incredible 1,538 species (including 1,206 native species) in the 6,212-ha (15,349-ac) Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter, Lake, and LaPorte counties, Indiana (Pavlovic et al. 2024). Allegan County and ASGA are included in the outer band of the floristically rich region centered on Chicago, with 1,000+ native species per 2,500 km2 (Kartesz 2015). If anything, the 1,003 native species vouchered from the 205-km2 ASGA suggests the modeled native species richness at the 2,500 km2 scale is too conservative.
At a finer scale, some constraints on the vascular plant richness of ASGA are evident. Oak and oak–pine forests dominated by a relatively limited set of species cover 40% of ASGA (Lee 2008; MDNR FRD 2022). There is little local relief, and the influences of slope and aspect on floristic composition are moderated by the homogeneous soils. Thus is the paradox of the vascular flora of ASGA—rich and varied in its entirety but depauperate and monotonous over large areas with few concentrations of species rivaling those occupying smaller properties such as the 486-ha Kalamazoo Nature Center (702 total species, 531 native species) and the 321-ha Pierce Cedar Creek Institute main campus (821 total species, 643 native species) that are situated in more diverse glacial landscapes (Bassett 2011; Slaughter 2020).
Coastal Plain Disjuncts
As discussed in The Coastal Plain Element, ASGA has been known for many decades as an unusually rich station for coastal plain disjuncts. Allegan County supports the richest collection of such species in the state, and ASGA alone is richer in coastal plain taxa than any other county (Reznicek 1994; Michigan Flora Online 2011) (Figure 29). The concentration of species Reznicek (1994) classified as being essentially restricted to the coastal plain is especially striking—14 of the 17 species known from Michigan occur at ASGA, whereas no more than eight species are known from any other individual county (Michigan Flora Online 2011). Several of these are among the rarest plants in Michigan.28
It is somewhat surprising that three of the 34 coastal plain disjuncts reported here—Ludwigia sphaerocarpa, Linum striatum Walter (stiff yellow flax), and Xyris torta Sm. (yellow-eyed-grass)—were not collected until the 2010s, but this does illustrate the highly localized distributions typical of many of these taxa. A dramatic illustration of this phenomenon was the recent discovery of the globally uncommon Hypericum adpressum Barton (creeping St. John’s-wort) in Newaygo County, 280 km (175 mi) north of the nearest station in Porter County, Indiana (Penskar and Walters 2016). This find is even more remarkable in that the occupied habitats have been known to botanists since at least the late 1980s (Michigan Flora Online 2011). Perhaps H. adpressum was merely overlooked, but it should be noted that this and many other coastal plain perennials can behave like annuals, fluctuating in numbers and vigor in response to environmental conditions (Dodds 2023).
County-level richness of coastal plain disjuncts sensu Reznicek (1994). Figure created in QGIS 3.22 Białowieża using data layers from State of Michigan GIS Open Data and specimen data from Michigan Flora Online (2011).
While ASGA is rich in coastal plain elements, several such species that favor the receding shorelines of lakes are scarce, local, or absent. Fuirena pumila, first collected from ASGA at Crooked Lake in 1970 (G. J. Pierce 1720, MICH, WMU), is concentrated on peat mats that are only accessible to collectors during periods of low water (Figure 30). Ludwigia sphaerocarpa, too, appears to be restricted to Crooked Lake (Figure 31). Hydrocotyle umbellata L. (water-pennywort) is included here based on a single collection from the mostly private Perch Lake (E. G. Voss 9142, MICH). The coastal plain adjunct Cyperus subsquarrosus (Muhl.) Bauters (dwarf-bulrush) is known only from Round Lake (R. G. Schipper 901, MICH) while Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh (rose-pink) and Schoenoplectiella smithii (A. Gray) Hayas. (bulrush) occur on lakeshores in adjacent counties but have not been observed at ASGA.
Fuirena pumila (A) is one of nine species identified by Sorrie and Weakley (2001) as a coastal plain endemic with disjunct occurrences in the Great Lakes region. At Allegan State Game Area, it is known only from Crooked Lake, where it is concentrated on peat mats accessible to collectors during dry periods (B, left foreground, center, and right center). (B. S. Slaughter)
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa is another of the six coastal plain endemics sensu Sorrie and Weakley (2001) with disjunct occurrences in the Great Lakes region. This species was first documented from Allegan State Game Area in 2012 and appears to be restricted to Crooked Lake. (B. S. Slaughter)
Outside of Michigan, the best-known station for coastal plain disjuncts in the Great Lakes region is probably Jasper–Pulaski Fish & Wildlife Area, located approximately 185 km (115 mi) southwest of ASGA in northwestern Indiana. Though much smaller than ASGA at 3,310 ha (8,179 ac), Jasper–Pulaski supports similar richness of coastal plain taxa (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2025). Four of these—Cyperus dentatus Torr. (bulblet flatsedge), Linum intercursum E. P. Bicknell (sandplain flax), Lycopus amplectens Raf. (clasping water horehound), and Scleria muehlenbergii Steud. (Muehlenberg’s nutrush)—have not been discovered in Michigan, and three—Hypericum adpressum, Utricularia radiata Small (floating bladderwort), and U. subulata L. (zigzag bladderwort)— occur very locally in Michigan but apparently not in ASGA (Michigan Flora Online 2011).29 No obvious distributional patterns explain the absence of these species from ASGA. For that matter, the contemporary absence of these species does not preclude their former presence, as demonstrated by Jackson and Singer (1997).30
Prairie and Savanna Elements
Schaddelee (1975) was the first to discuss the flora of the ASGA oak–pine barrens in the context of the broader Midwestern prairie and savanna. Schaddelee observed that only 27 of the 68 Michigan “prairie” species as designated by Scharrer (1971) were components of his oak–pine barrens study area. The predominance of droughty, nutrient-poor, extremely acidic sands at ASGA might be a limiting factor, but many of the species listed by Scharrer occur on similar soils elsewhere in southern Lower Michigan.31 The absence of these species might best be explained by the isolation of the ASGA oak–pine barrens—the nearest oak openings and oak barrens were located more than 30 km (19 mi) from the core ASGA, and the nearest upland grassland was over 50 km (31 mi) distant (Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008).32 It is also unclear just how “prairie-like” the ASGA oak–pine barrens were. In their map of the presettlement vegetation of southwestern Lower Michigan, Brewer et al. (1984) mapped only one significant area of savanna within ASGA, this east of the City of Fennville in north-central Clyde Township. Two other smaller areas of savanna mapped west and northwest of the City of Allegan are mostly outside ASGA borders. Comer et al. (1995) used a different methodology to distinguish savannas from forests and mapped 6,031 ha (14,904 ac) of oak–pine barrens within ASGA borders, most of it in two large patches, one between Fennville and the Kalamazoo River, and the other west of Allegan and south of modern-day Lake Allegan. Neither map depicts any sizable grasslands within or near ASGA—these might have always been restricted to small frost pockets (Chapman and Pleznac 1982; Brewer et al. 1984; Comer et al. 1995; Albert and Comer 2008). In a relatively closed phase, most of the oak–pine barrens might have been unsuitable for shade-intolerant species.
The similarities between the ASGA oak–pine barrens and remnant dry sand prairies in southern Newaygo County approximately 100 km (62 mi) to the north-northeast have long been recognized (Schaddelee 1975; Chapman and Pleznac 1982). Considering the Newaygo sites are isolated outliers at the northern fringe of Transeau’s (1935) prairie peninsula, it is curious that 16 of Scharrer’s (1971) prairie species were known only from Newaygo County, while only one—Tradescantia ohiensis—was thought to be restricted to ASGA (Schaddelee 1975). Among those that have not yet been discovered at ASGA are Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (side-oats grama), Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth (porcupine grass), Phlox pilosa L. (prairie phlox), and Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G. L. Nesom (heath aster) (Schaddelee 1975; Michigan Flora Online 2011). Geum triflorum Pursh (prairie-smoke), locally frequent in Newaygo County, was likely collected from the plains or one of the small bowl prairies south of present-day Lake Allegan in 1932 but has not been rediscovered (Chapman and Pleznac 1982; Michigan Flora Online 2011). One of its rarest associates, Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G. L. Nesom (silky aster), was only recently discovered in ASGA in a very limited area of seemingly suitable habitat (Figure 32). If this is a naturally occurring, remnant population, it suggests the possibility that some of other “missing” species might have once occurred or cryptically persist in favorable microhabitats but not as widespread elements of the matrix barrens.
Several species characteristic of the dry sand prairies of Newaygo County are rare or absent from seemingly similar sites in Allegan State Game Area. Symphyotrichum sericeum was first documented from Allegan State Game Area in 2012 and appears to be restricted to one small area despite the greater extent of seemingly suitable habitat. (B. S. Slaughter)
The jack pine barrens of northern Lower Michigan are in many ways similar to the oak–pine barrens at ASGA. Schaddelee (1975) noted that 57 of the 70 species listed as members of the “flora of the jack-pine plains” by Beal (1904) were also present at ASGA. Conversely, the isolated and relatively young jack pine plains are not as rich in typical Midwestern prairie and savanna elements. One interesting exception is the globally vulnerable Great Lakes endemic Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fernald (Hill’s thistle), which was historically widespread in the prairies and savannas of southern Lower Michigan, barrens in west-central and northern Lower Michigan and Menominee County in the Upper Peninsula, and alvars and related communities on Drummond Island (Michigan Flora Online 2011; NatureServe 2024).33 The absence of C. hillii from ASGA might simply be an example of dispersal limitation, but it is also possible that the isolation and limited spatial scale of its preferred habitats, in conjunction with human disturbances and/or fire suppression, might have led to its early extirpation.
While this discussion has centered on oak–pine barrens, some prairie elements at ASGA such as Coreopsis tripteris L. (tall coreopsis), Liatris spicata, and Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. (culver’s-root) are found primarily or exclusively in wet-mesic sand prairie or similar associations in swales and wetland borders.
Northern Species
Many principally northern species have declined or disappeared in the southern Lower Michigan over the approximately 200-year period for which we have collection data (Michigan Flora Online 2011). The hardwood–conifer swamps at ASGA support extant populations of several such taxa, including Circaea alpina, Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. (bluebead-lily), Cornus canadensis, and Mitella nuda. Clintonia borealis is particularly noteworthy as it is known to persist at only one other station in southwestern Lower Michigan; Cornus canadensis is similarly now scarce. The uncommon orchid Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. subsp. brachypoda (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve (white adder’s-mouth) was collected several times from the hardwood–conifer swamp above Big Dailey Bayou in the 1960s and 1970s but has not been observed in recent years (Michigan Flora Online 2011).
Two northern taxa that were previously collected in or observed from ASGA and surrounding lands were not relocated during recent field surveys. The first of these, Orthilia secunda (L.) House (one-sided pyrola), was collected twice in 1910 from hemlock forests in the vicinity of New Richmond (C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH) but is excluded from the flora as there are no other specimens substantiating its presence within the present-day boundaries of ASGA (Michigan Flora Online 2011). This species has not been collected from southwestern Michigan since 1940. Schaddelee (1975) reported Pyrola asarifolia Michx. (pink pyrola) from the hardwood–conifer swamp above Big Dailey Bayou. All but one recent record of this species (B. S. Slaughter 596, MICH) from southwestern Lower Michigan date to 1950 or earlier (Michigan Flora Online 2011).
Miner Lake Bog is an important station for northern peatland species that were historically well-distributed in southern Lower Michigan such as Andromeda glaucophylla, Arethusa bulbosa, Eriophorum gracile W. D. J. Koch (slender cotton-grass), and Salix pedicellaris Pursh (bog willow). While these, too, have declined near their southern range limits, local extirpations are more easily attributed to habitat destruction or alteration. Thus, the protection and maintenance of Miner Lake Bog should have at least fair potential to continue to support populations of these species into the future—the prospects of the species closely associated with hardwood–conifer swamps and hemlock stands are decidedly more grim.
Kalamazoo River Valley
In sharp contrast to the hardwood–conifer swamps and associations of northern plant species at the bases of the adjacent escarpments, levees and terraces in the Kalamazoo River floodplain support woody and herbaceous plants of principally southern distribution that are uncommon or absent from the surrounding matrix forests.34 Several potential explanations for such corridor-like distribution patterns have been put forward. In the young landscapes of the glaciated Midwest, an obvious initial factor is time-lagged migration from southern refugia (e.g., Normand et al. 2011). Several species that are restricted or nearly restricted within Michigan to the southern half of the Lower Peninsula such as Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott (green dragon), Celtis occidentalis, Enemion biternatum, Hydrophyllum virginianum L. (Virginia waterleaf), Lycopus virginicus L. (bugle weed), and Populus deltoides occur well to the north in Wisconsin and Minnesota where the north–south orientation of Mississippi tributaries such as the Chippewa, Rock, and Wisconsin rivers fostered their dispersal from the south (Kartesz 2015).35 In contrast, Michigan has no direct connection to riparian corridors extending far to the south, and the major streams of southern Lower Michigan including the Kalamazoo River do not cross the tension zone. Thus, the absence of many cold-tolerant species from northern Michigan likely comes down to them not having arrived.
While time-lagged migrations and dispersal barriers are probably sufficient to explain the absence of many so-called southern species from parts of Michigan, these factors do not explain persistent corridor-like distributions of those species that are present and restricted to or concentrated in riparian habitats. The relatively limited research into this peculiar distributional pattern implicates a variety of potential explanatory factors including climatic amelioration, topographic complexity, spatially and temporally variable disturbance regimes, soil fertility, dispersal strategies, and even differences in mycorrhizal communities that shift competitive balance (Tepley et al. 2004; Normand et al. 2011; Nobis et al. 2015, 2017, 2022). et al. (2016) synthesized the published evidence for upstream dispersal of aquatic and riparian plants and outlined a research design for further inquiries.
Many of the earliest specimens included in this flora were collected from the Kalamazoo River valley at New Richmond by C. H. Kauffman in 1910.36 Since that time, ecological and botanical surveys of the Kalamazoo River floodplain have largely focused on the broad, swampy stretch between New Richmond and the City of Allegan. East of Allegan, valley morphology and soil characteristics are shaped by the surrounding Valparaiso moraine (Colgan et al. 2023; Soil Survey Staff 2025). Here, the finer-textured, higher-pH substrates support numerous species that are uncommon or absent in the core ASGA. An initial indication of this was the recent completion of a floristic assessment at Armintrout–Milbocker Nature Preserve, owned and operated by Southwest Michigan Land Conservancy, located just southeast of Allegan and northwest of the Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area unit of ASGA (Slaughter 2021). Dozens of species not known from ASGA were documented from this nature preserve, including numerous rare species typical of relatively calcareous habitats. Many of these species were subsequently discovered on levees and terraces in the ASGA Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Unit. Among the most notable examples are Dasistoma macrophylla, Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf. (Virginia snakeroot), Euphorbia commutata Engelm. (tinted spurge), Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. (blue ash), Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl (wood sandwort), Polymnia canadensis L. (leaf-cup), Smallanthus uvedalia, and Vitis vulpina L. (frost grape) (Figure 33).
Dasistoma macrophylla (A) and Smallanthus uvedalia (B) are locally frequent in forest gaps and borders along the Kalamazoo River in the Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Unit. (B. S. Slaughter)
Rare Species
The annotated checklist of vascular plants (Appendix A) includes 80 taxa of statewide conservation concern—12 endangered species, 36 threatened species, and 32 special concern species (MNFI 2025). To our knowledge, this constitutes the richest collection of rare species on any individual private or public land unit in Michigan. Only six counties excluding Allegan are known to support more rare species (Michigan Flora Online 2011). Among the most significant rare species at ASGA are four species not documented elsewhere in Michigan and at least two species that are apparently extirpated outside ASGA, as follows:
Coleataenia longifolia is principally a species of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, with scattered, smaller concentrations in some of the southeastern states and widely scattered extralimital occurrences in several Midwestern and southern states (Reznicek 1994; Kartesz 2015) (Figure 26). Coleataenia longifolia was first documented from Michigan and ASGA in 1970 by G. J. Pierce, who collected a specimen from the drying margin of 116th Avenue Pond (G. J. Pierce 1439, MICH). It has since been collected several times from 36th Street Marsh and vicinity (Appendix A).
Echinodorus tenellus was classified as a species more-or-less restricted to the coastal plain by Reznicek (1994), but even there it is unevenly distributed, with centers of occurrence in the Carolinas, Florida, and southeastern Texas (Kartesz 2015) (Figure 27). Off the coastal plain, E. tenellus is widely scattered in small, isolated populations. It is classified as imperiled or critically imperiled in 11 states and extirpated or likely extirpated in five states (NatureServe 2024). First collected from St. Joseph County in 1837, E. tenellus was rediscovered in Michigan at ASGA in 1989 (L. Schaddelee s.n., MICH) and is presently known from 36th Street Marsh and one other small site. It appears to have relatively narrow germination requirements and is present only in the seedbank when conditions are unfavorable.
Isoëtes engelmannii is an aquatic lycophyte occurring primarily on the Atlantic coastal plain and Appalachian uplands, with scattered, disjunct locations west to Missouri and Arkansas (Kartesz 2015). Isoetes engelmannii was first collected from Michigan and ASGA at 36th Street Marsh in 1989 (M. R. Penskar 1151, MICH). This remains the only documented station in Michigan.
Rhynchospora nitens (Vahl) A. Gray (short-beaked bald-rush) is one of the most striking coastal plain disjuncts, being essentially restricted to the Atlantic coastal plain with disjunct populations in Porter County, Indiana and Allegan County, Michigan (Reznicek 1994, 1999; Hedge and Stork 2013; Kartesz 2015) (Figure 34). Rhynchospora nitens was first collected from Michigan and ASGA from the exposed bed of Goose Lake in 1999 (A. A. Reznicek 10966, MICH, as reported in Reznicek 1999). Rhynchospora nitens has since reappeared in abundance at this location several times during periods of drawn-down water levels but has not been discovered elsewhere.
Rhynchospora nitens is known in Michigan only from Goose Lake. Though best distinguished from the similar but (relatively) more common R. scirpoides by its distinctive achenes, a useful field character is the relatively wide hyaline margin to the scale apices (Reznicek 1999), as can be observed on the central spikelet in this image. (B. S. Slaughter)
Rhynchospora recognita (Gale) Kral (globe beak-rush) is widespread in the south-central and southeastern United States, with disjunct occurrences near the southern rim of Lake Michigan in Illinois, Indiana, and southwestern Michigan (Kartesz 2015) (Figure 35). First collected in Michigan from St. Joseph County in 1898 (F. P. Daniels s.n., MSC), R. recognita was rediscovered in a wet-mesic sand prairie near 36th Street in 1995 (A. A. Reznicek 10149, MICH). This population has not been observed in recent years, and no other stations have been discovered.
Rhynchospora recognita was collected from a wetland border north of 36th Street Marsh in 1995, nearly 100 years after the only other Michigan specimen was collected from near Sturgis, St. Joseph County. (B. S. Slaughter)
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. (rough rush-grass) is a widespread species of the southeastern and south-central United States, occurring more locally in the Upper Midwest and northeast (Kartesz 2015). Despite being known from several counties in northern Indiana, S. clandestinus was not documented from Michigan until 1995 (A. A. Reznicek 10148, MICH). It is locally abundant in the western part of ASGA, where it forms swards along roads through oak– pine barrens and sandy old fields.
Coastal plain disjuncts and adjuncts are well-represented among the 80 rare species (Table 1). All but one of the listed disjuncts were documented in the 20th Century—the single exception is Ludwigia sphaerocarpa which was documented for the first time in 2012 (B. S. Slaughter 801, MICH). In contrast, the rare species of the floodplain forests along the Kalamazoo River were largely unknown prior to our collecting efforts. Highlights include the discovery of the first station for Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. (woodland lettuce) in southwestern Michigan and the first new collections in 25+ years of Euphorbia commutata and Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC. (goosefoot corn salad) (Michigan Flora Online 2011) (Figure 36). Many of the new finds occur in the narrow bands of forest in the Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Unit, an area that appears to have received relatively little attention from botanists.
Euphorbia commutata (A) was collected in 1897 and 1931 from the vicinity of Allegan State Game Area but could not be definitively assigned to its flora until its rediscovery on a mesic terrace in the Kalamazoo River floodplain in 2024. Valerianella chenopodiifolia (B) is another rare and declining annual species of stream floodplains; its 2020 discovery at Allegan State Game Area was the first statewide since 1990 and the first along the Kalamazoo River since the 1930s. (B. S. Slaughter)
Non-native Species
Non-native species comprise 24% of the vascular flora of ASGA, falling within the 21–25% range reported for other conservation lands in southwest Michigan (e.g., Smith and Woodland 2006; Bassett 2011; Bowen and Skean 2018; Slaughter 2020). This falls well short of the statewide figure of 38%, conveying the extremely restricted (documented) distribution of many of the nonnative elements.37 It is not surprising, then, that three of the non-native species reported here—Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. (Spanish bluebell), Puschkinia scilloides Adams (striped squill), and Rumex conglomeratus Murray (clustered dock)—are also the first records for Michigan (Figure 37). Also present are several species with invasive potential that are not yet widespread or common statewide such as Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. (Chinese yam), Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. (wine raspberry), and Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H. K. Choi (bog bulrush).
The non-native Rumex conglomeratus was collected in a seep above the Kalamazoo River floodplain in 2018, representing the first Michigan record. (R. G. Schipper)
MDNR and MNFI recently developed the Michigan Invasive Species Model to prioritize invasive species treatment on ecologically significant state lands (Cohen et al. 2024a, b). This model integrates information on invasive species with cover data and other spatial variables to assign an “invasive priority” score at the scale of the stand (e.g., MDNR FRD 2022). Naturally, the stands scored as being of high and very high invasive priority tend to be associated with natural community EOs and riparian habitats. More remarkable at ASGA is the extent of stands scoring “very low”—every other large area of state land south of the tension zone has a considerably greater proportion of stands assigned medium, high, or very high scores (Cohen et al. 2024b). Many of these stands were assigned moderate to high scores on several ecological metrics, and their low invasive priority scores thus appear to be driven by low scores for invasive species risk and invasive species density (Cohen et al. 2024b).
Invasive species assessments are outside scope of this flora, but the invasive priority scores do provide context for several of the most problematic species at ASGA. In the uplands, the typical suite of weeds that thrive on disturbed sandy, droughty soils such as Centaurea stoebe, Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. (autumnolive), Lonicera ×bella, and L. morrowii A. Gray (Morrow honeysuckle) are widespread and locally problematic (Cohen et al. 2024b). Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), an Appalachian–Ozarkian element that is widely planted in Michigan and has aggressively colonized disturbed ground, dominates some small stands of ruderal forest (Cohen et al. 2024b).
In aquatic habitats, Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Eurasian water-milfoil) and Potamogeton crispus L. (pondweed) are locally abundant. In wetland communities, the most widespread and frequent problematic species appear to be Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife), Phalaris arundinacea, and Rosa multiflora Murray (multiflora rose). Phragmites australis subsp. australis and Typha angustifolia L. (narrow-leaved cat-tail) occur at moderate density in the Webster Marsh Area (Cohen et al. 2024b). These species are locally abundant elsewhere but do not yet appear to dominate large areas. Likewise, some of the most aggressive, easily dispersed woody species of wetlands and floodplains such as Celastrus orbiculatus, Frangula alnus Mill. (glossy buckthorn), and Rhamnus cathartica L. (common buckthorn) are not yet common over large areas. The clonal species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (black alder), Fallopia ×bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J. P. Bailey (Bohemian knotweed), and F. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. (Japanese knotweed) occur in several scattered locations, mostly along roads, and have the potential to spread along stream courses and other suitable dispersal corridors.
Collection and Distribution Gaps
As stated in the Introduction, the work presented here approximates the flora of ASGA. More precisely, it is an accumulated flora derived from repeated samples (collections) over discrete periods of time. Of greater interest is the true flora—the actual identity and abundances of the vascular plants of ASGA. Keddy and Laughlin (2022) provide a useful framework for predicting the identity and abundances of species, which they refer to as a community vector, based on the interaction of the available species pool with physical and biotic filters. Fortunately, species pools at various scales are increasingly accessible with the advent of digital herbarium records and observational databases. The main challenge, then, is to predict which species from an appropriate pool are likely to occur within the area based on the interactions of filters with species traits.38
Table 3 frames the flora of ASGA in the context of larger species pool, ranging from the county level to ecoregional and state levels. Despite covering less than 10% of the land area of Allegan County, ASGA supports approximately 90% of the total species and 91% of the native species documented for the county flora. This is hardly surprising as over three-quarters of the Allegan County collections come from ASGA, and no systematic studies of any other location within the county have apparently been conducted (Michigan Flora Online 2011). A more appropriate species pool would potentially include all taxa known from Allegan and the immediately surrounding counties. Allegan State Game Area supports approximately 63% of total species and 70% of the native species from this six-county region (Michigan Flora Online 2011). Of course, many of the recent additions to ASGA were not previously known from any of the surrounding counties, or the State of Michigan, for that matter, but the sixcounty region is a good basis for an initial look at the potentially “missing” species.
As indicated in Table 3, approximately 777 species (including 423 native species) occurring in the six-county region have not been documented from ASGA. A closer look at this list of “missing” species reveals some patterns. First, a significant proportion of these taxa (45%) are not native to Michigan. Second, 44% of the taxa are known from only one of the six counties—many of these are non-native species that collectively compose an increasing percentage of our flora but individually are known from relatively few records. Third, well over half (58%) of the native taxa have Coefficient of Conservatism (C) values of 7–10, a skew of nearly 9% from the statewide figure of 49%. Species with Cvalues of 7–10 are indicative of relatively undisturbed habitats, and many are associated with specialized habitats that are of limited distribution. For example, ASGA lacks significant areas of open calcareous wetlands such as prairie fens and marl shorelines, and dozens of the species closely associated with these habitats also appear to be absent.39
Species richness of Allegan State Game Area in local, regional, and statewide contexts.
Site |
# Species |
ASGA as % |
# Native Species |
ASGA as % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Allegan SGA1 |
1311 |
- |
1003 |
- |
Allegan County2 |
1451 |
90.4% |
1094 |
91.7% |
Allegan and Surrounding Counties3 |
2087 |
62.8% |
1425 |
70.4% |
Southern Michigan4 |
2606 |
50.3% |
1613 |
62.2% |
Michigan5 |
2932 |
44.7% |
1814 |
55.3% |
- This study. ⮭
- This study and Michigan Flora Online (2011) as of January 31, 2025 ⮭
- Allegan, Barry, Kalamazoo, Kent, Ottawa, Van Buren Counties (Michigan Flora Online 2011 as of January 31, 2025) ⮭
- Counties more than 50% encompassed by Level III Ecoregions 55, 56, and/or 57 (United States Environmental Protection Agency 2013): Allegan, Barry, Bay, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Eaton, Genesee, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Isabella, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Mason, Midland, Monroe, Muskegon, Oakland, Oceana, Ottawa, Saginaw, Sanilac, Shiawassee, St. Clair, St. Joseph, Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne (Michigan Flora Online 2011 as of January 31, 2025) ⮭
- Michigan Flora Online (2011) as of January 31, 2025 ⮭
The removal of species restricted to specialized habitats that are not present or have not been documented at ASGA and species documented from fewer than half of the six counties narrows the likely pool of “missing” species to slightly more than 200 species. The true flora of ASGA is composed of the species reported in this paper, species represented only by specimens at other herbaria that are not databased in Michigan Flora Online (2011) and have not been examined by the authors, some proportion of the species that occur in the filtered regional pool as described above, and a smaller proportion of species excluded from the filtered regional pool and/or present in larger regional pools as presented in Table 3. A striking example of a species that would have belonged to the last of these groups prior to its recent collection is Danthonia compressa Austin (flat oatgrass), previously known no closer than the University of Michigan Biological Station approximately 343 km (213 mi) north-northeast of ASGA (Michigan Flora Online 2011) (Figure 38).
Danthonia compressa is an Appalachian species with disjunct stations in northern Michigan and Wisconsin. The small population recently discovered at Allegan State Game Area is nearly 350 km south–southwest of the closest known station at the University of Michigan Biological Station in Cheboygan County (Michigan Flora Online 2011). (R. G. Schipper)
The gap between this approximation of the vascular flora and the actual vascular flora is the product of many interacting factors, including the large size of ASGA, spatial and temporal variability in sampling effort, observer biases, local rarity (i.e., a species represented by a single individual is “present”), immigration, and local extirpation.40 We estimate that the vascular flora enumerated in this paper includes approximately 90% of the species that occurred within ASGA over the 115-year collection record. In other words, it appears likely that 100 or more species that were present 1910–2025 have not yet been discovered.
Protection and Conservation
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has developed a worldwide classification scheme for protected areas (IUCN 2008). According to the Protected Areas Database of the United States (USGS GAP 2024), ASGA is classified as an IUCN Category V “Protected landscape or seascape,” defined by IUCN (2008) as an area where “the interaction of people and nature over time has produced a distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values.” In its management plan for ASGA, MDNR WLD (2012) states that “obligations from the funding sources used to acquire and manage this area require that ASGA be maintained for the purposes of managing wildlife populations, habitats, and associated recreational hunting and trapping.” Camping and ski, snowmobile, and horse trail use and maintenance are permitted where these developments and activities were established prior to the designation as a state game area (MDNR WLD 2012). Potentially of much greater significance is the fact that the United States federal government retains mineral (including gas and oil) rights under most of ASGA, rendering these lands “split estates” in which development of oil, gas, or any other subsurface minerals would take precedent over surface management priorities, including conservation, on lands not acquired under the auspices of the Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act (MDNR WLD 2012; Ryder and Hall 2017).
Recognizing the need to enact stronger protections for outstanding and vulnerable natural features on public lands, the members of the volunteer organization Michigan Natural Areas Council (MNAC) surveyed federal and state lands and recommended the protection of specific tracts as “natural areas,” subdivided into five categories—scenic site, nature study area, natural area preserve, nature research area, and nature reservation (Wells 1970; Dempsey 2001). By 1969, 29 such areas had been designated, including 17 on state lands (Wells 1970). By the early 1970s, three parcels within ASGA had been recommended for preservation as natural areas and were subsequently studied by Schaddelee (1975). In 1986, two areas within ASGA were identified and designated as natural areas—the 64.7-ha (160-ac) Allegan Pine Plains (Schaddelee’s “Savanna Unit”), located in the northeastern part of Section 35, Manlius Township, and Crooked Lake Marsh in sections 25 and 36 of Clyde Township, indicated as covering 75.3 ha (186 ac) by MDNR WLD (2012) or 160.7 ha (397 ac) on the MDNR Natural Areas webpage (MDNR 2025). Unfortunately, neither of these natural areas was ever formally dedicated or legally protected by the State of Michigan, and their identification as such is supported only by a registry agreement with The Nature Conservancy (MDNR 2025).
In the absence of formal legal protection, MNDR WLD has worked with MNFI and other conservation partners to identify and promote compatible management of high-quality examples of natural communities and locations of rare plant and animal species at ASGA.41 MNFI ecologists were heavily involved in the initial forest inventory that resulted in the identification and delineation of nearly 2,500 stands (Lincoln and Cohen 2015; MDNR FRD 2022). Stands of high conservation significance, including previously documented natural community EOs, newly documented EOs, and other high quality or recoverable habitats were identified by MNFI ecologists for potential conservation and management (Kortenhoven et al. 2015a, b; Lincoln and Cohen 2015; Kortenhoven et al. 2016; Kortenhoven and Lincoln 2017; Lincoln 2017a, b). MNFI ecologists also regularly participate in and provide input during compartment reviews at ASGA, in which DNR biologists make management decisions (T. Bassett, pers. comm.). Long-term conservation of critical natural features will require a stable sociopolitical structure that fosters continued collaboration and philosophical alignment among MDNR WLD and partners in addition to the identification of new, less restrictive funding mechanisms to complement those limited to traditional wildlife (game) management.
CONCLUSIONS
The importance of ASGA for conserving regional biodiversity can hardly be overstated. Allegan State Game Area supports 55% of the vascular plant species native to Michigan and 62% of the vascular plant species native to southern Michigan. Allegan State Game Area supports the largest number of state-listed species (80) and coastal plain disjuncts (34) of any land unit in Michigan. Four vascular plant species are known from no other locations in Michigan, and at least two additional rare species appear to be extant only at ASGA. The ecological significance of ASGA is no less noteworthy—the concentration of coastal plain marshes is unrivaled statewide, and the oak–pine barrens and wet-mesic sand prairies are greater in number and total area there than anywhere else in southern Lower Michigan.
In one of his journals, Ralph Waldo Emerson penned that “many eyes go through the meadow, but few see the flowers in it.” While a compendium of lists, numbers, and descriptions like this paper could be considered ungainly and even at odds with the perception and reflection necessary to see the flowers, we end with another quote from Emerson:
We, too, wish to learn this language, and hope this paper inspires others on that same journey.Nature is a language and every new fact one learns is a new word; but it is not a language taken to pieces and dead in the dictionary, but the language put together into a most significant and universal sense. I wish to learn this language, not that I may know a new grammar, but that I may read the great book that is written in that tongue.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In as much as a project such as this begins with fieldwork, namely locating species needed for growing the list, for us one person stands out—Leon Schaddelee. It was his extensive current and historical knowledge of the ASGA flora that allowed him to track down locations of many rare species from sightings 40–50 years ago. He frequently accompanied the authors as well as made forays on his own, locating a large number of unusual and rare species. His help was extremely valuable to the project.
From the very beginning, University of Michigan Herbarium staff members were very helpful in many ways. Anton Reznicek (Curator Emeritus of Vascular Plants) deserves our utmost appreciation for his consistent support and encouragement over the course of the project. This included but was not limited to examining and annotating where necessary all voucher specimens made by the authors. Bev Walters (retired Research Collections Manager) and Brad Ruhfel (Research Collections Manager) processed our specimens and provided the database of previous collections from ASGA.
ASGA staff were appreciative of our work and helped in many ways. We thank Don Poppe (Wildlife Biologist with MDNR Wildlife Division) for supporting the project and arranging for permits to collect on State land, allowing access to all parts of the game area, including the restricted Wildlife Refuge Areas and even keys to gates. Maria Albright (retired Wildlife Technician) also assisted in many ways, including locating specific habitats, providing maps and notes on previous land use and field observations, and facilitating access. Mark Mills (Southwest Region Manager) provided general support and information, in particular on the remediation of dam removal areas and other areas where introduction of seed had taken place.
We appreciated the help of the following botanists who spent a day or several with one or more of us in the field: Adam Balzer, Dennis Dunlap, Craig Elston, Jesse Lincoln, Scott Namestnik, Nathanael Pilla, Talus Rutgers, and Chase Scholten. Their experience, botanical and ecological knowledge, and keen eyes bolstered this effort. We also thank Dave Armintrout for providing access to land-locked parcels and pointing out the location of a grove of Gymnocladus diocidus.
W. S. Martinus and R. G. Schipper want to express our deepest thanks and appreciation to B. S. Slaughter for joining this project primarily to write this account and for his consistent interest in and support of our effort. And most certainly for his consummate field prowess, in locating a number of rare species in just a few field outings during the last portion of the project. B. S. Slaughter was honored to be asked to write this manuscript and wants to emphasize that the substance behind these words—the 2,000+ specimens collected over a short period of time—is the provenance of W. S. Martinus and R. G. Schipper. B. S. Slaughter also thanks his colleagues at Orbis Environmental Consulting and former colleagues at Michigan Natural Features Inventory for supporting his efforts.
Last, we thank Michael Oldham, Tyler Bassett, and Anton Reznicek for their careful readings of the text. This paper benefited greatly from their collective experience with and expertise on the flora and ecology of the Great Lakes region and beyond.
Notes
- Principal writer and data manager. Author for correspondence. ⮭
- Co-principal collector. ⮭ ⮭ ⮭ ⮭ ⮭ ⮭ ⮭
- The combined human population of these four townships was 11,530 as of the 2020 United States Census; Allegan County in total ranked 18th among the 83 Michigan Counties with 120,502 people (United States Census Bureau n.d. a–e). ⮭
- Data from Holland-West Michigan Regional Airport (KBIV) ASOS. Winter temperatures tend to be slightly cooler and summer temperatures slightly warmer than at this station with increasing distance from Lake Michigan. ⮭
- Older terraces deposited above the modern floodplain are also present at scattered locations but occur largely outside ASGA (Colgan et al. 2023). ⮭
- Averaged over upper 30 cm. The weighted average pH for all layers is slightly higher. ⮭
- Averaged over upper 30 cm. The weighted average pH for all layers is lower. ⮭
- Discussed further under The Human Element. ⮭
- A hardwood–conifer swamp EO is documented for Ecological Site F097XA030MI – Mucky Depression. ⮭
- Wet-mesic sand prairie is also a component of the NRCS Moist Acidic Sandy Flatwoods ecological site. ⮭
- See also Aquatic Habitats. ⮭
- Covered in more detail in The Coastal Plain Element. ⮭
- Shrubs may also be scattered or clumped within the broader basins. ⮭
- Presumably, this concept also overlaps with coastal plain marshes developed on organic soils >20 cm, such as floating peat mats in Crooked Lake (see The Coastal Plain Element). ⮭
- The bog and poor conifer swamp fit the NRCS Acidic Peaty Depression ecological site. ⮭
- The swamp forest community falls under the NRCS Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods ecological site. ⮭
- These overlap with the NRCS Mucky Depression ecological site. ⮭
- Forests developed on riparian landforms above the modern floodplain are also sometimes placed within the floodplain forest concept. ⮭
- As described in History of Botanical Exploration. ⮭
- These areas overlap with the NRCS Wet Acidic Sandy Flatwoods and Mucky Depression ecological sites. ⮭
- Jeakle (1992) does not rule out Odawa occupation, as the tribal boundary was porous. The other major tribe occupying Michigan at the time, the Ojibwe, were in the eastern part of the Lower Peninsula and over most of the Upper Peninsula (Cornell 2009). ⮭
- Many Native Americans remained in the region long after the lands were ceded. ⮭
- Present-day Valley Township. ⮭
- Covered in Origins and Establishment of ASGA. ⮭ ⮭
- Agriculture at Campania was not limited to mint—other crops included sugar beets, hemp, onions, celery, potatoes, and corn (Lane 1983). ⮭
- Jackson and Singer (1997) describe a fourth major climatic pattern towards cooler and wetter conditions from 2,800 YBP to the time of their publication that might be associated with specieslevel changes in the marsh. ⮭
- IL: Boone, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, Lake, McHenry, Will; IN: Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Starke, St. Joseph; MI: Berrien; WI: Kenosha, Racine, Walworth. ⮭
- Covered in Rare Species. ⮭
- Utricularia subulata is unusual among these in its occurrence in several interdunal pannes along modern-day Lake Michigan and absence from proglacial lakeplains (Reznicek 1994; Michigan Flora Online 2011). ⮭
- Discussed in The Coastal Plain Element. ⮭
- Two species not listed by Scharrer that are more typical of barrens—Hypericum gentianoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. (orange-grass) and Trichostema dichotomum L. (bastard-pennyroyal)—are also present in the region but have not been observed at ASGA. ⮭
- This assumes the apparent isolation as depicted in the circa 1800 cover maps is not a recent phenomenon. ⮭
- Only one extant population is known in southern Lower Michigan. ⮭
- Northern and southern floristic elements do co-occur—Schaddelee (1975) remarked on the presence of the principally southern Saururus cernuus growing among northern conifers in the Kalamazoo River Valley swamp forests. ⮭
- This might seem counterintuitive, as the direction of flow in these streams is to the south. Wubs ⮭
- Covered in History of Botanical Exploration. ⮭
- This phenomenon is also observed for highly conservative species—less than 8% of the flora of ASGA consists of species with C-values of 10 whereas these species constitute 14% of the flora statewide (Michigan Flora Online 2011). ⮭
- As Keddy and Laughlin (2022) note, species accumulation curves are often used to predict true richness, but their use here is encumbered by the large size of ASGA and because the identity of each species—not just the total number—is of primary interest. ⮭
- See also discussion under Prairie and Savanna Elements. ⮭
- In the preface to the Field Manual of Michigan Flora, Voss and Reznicek (2012) remark that “few things in science are more certain than the fact that Floras become outdated almost as soon as they reach print.” ⮭
- Although the resident fauna are outside the scope of this flora, an impressive 30 state-listed species have been documented from ASGA (MDNR WLD 2012). Among the most significant of these are the federally endangered Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Karner blue butterfly), the federally threatened Sistrurus catenatus (eastern massasauga), and the steeply declining Dendroica cerulea (Cerulean Warbler) that find refuge in ASGA’s oak–pine barrens, wetlands, and floodplain forests, respectively. ⮭
LITERATURE CITED
Albert, D. A., and P. J. Comer. (2008). Atlas of early Michigan’s forests, grasslands, and wetlands. Michigan State University Press.
Allosso, D. (2020). Peppermint kings: A rural American history. Yale University Press.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV. (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.
Arbogast, A. F., M. D. Luehmann, G. W. Monaghan, W. A. Lovis, and H. Wang. (2017). Paleoenvironmental and geomorphic significance of bluff-top dunes along the Au Sable River in northeastern Lower Michigan, USA. Geomorphology 297: 112–121.
Bassett, T. (2011). Annotated checklist of the flora of Kalamazoo Nature Center with natural community descriptions. The Michigan Botanist 50: 41–104.
Beal, W. J. (1904). Michigan flora: A list of the fern and seed plants growing without cultivation. The State Board of Agriculture, Agricultural College, Michigan. Robert Smith Printing Co.
Bowen, A. K. M., and J. D. Skean, Jr. (2018). Vascular flora and plant community types of the Ott Biological Preserve, Calhoun County, Michigan. The Great Lakes Botanist 57: 100–149.
Brewer, L. G., T. W. Hodler, and H. A. Raup. (1984). Presettlement vegetation of southwestern Michigan [map]. Supplement to The Michigan Botanist Volume 3, Number 4, October, 1984.
Brewer, R., D. A. Boyce, J. R. Hodgson, J. D. Wenger, M. H. Mills, and M. M. Cooper. (1973). Composition of some oak forests in southwestern Michigan. The Michigan Botanist 12: 217–234.
Britain, C. (1831). Notes from the internal lines survey of Clyde Township, Allegan County, Michigan. United States General Land Office, Washington, D.C. Available at https://michigan.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_0593e9c6-0735-4653-80fb-19ec28dec719/. (February 5, 2025).https://michigan.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_0593e9c6-0735-4653-80fb-19ec28dec719/
Brown, J. (n.d.). Ecological sites: A developmental history of key concepts. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico. Available at https://conservationwebinars.net/webinars/ecological-sitedescriptions-session1. (January 22, 2025).https://conservationwebinars.net/webinars/ecological-sitedescriptions-session1
Chapman, K. A., and R. J. Pleznac. (1982). Public prairies of Michigan. Zemlick Bros.
Cogswell, J. W. (1988). An analysis of Early Woodland pottery from southwest Michigan. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1153/. (March 10, 2025).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1153/
Cohen, J. G. (2002). Natural community abstract for dry-mesic northern forest. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Dry-mesic_Northern_Forest.pdf. (January 23, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Dry-mesic_Northern_Forest.pdf
Cohen, J. G., M. A. Kost, B. S. Slaughter, D. A. Albert, J. M. Lincoln, A. P. Kortenhoven, C. M. Wilton, H. D. Enander, and K. M. Korroch. (2020). Michigan natural community classification [web application]. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/classification. (January 3, 2024).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/classification
Cohen, J. G., H. D. Enander, T. J. Bassett, C. M. Wilton, and A. A. Cole-Wick. (2024a). Using GISbased multicriteria decision analysis to prioritize invasive plant treatment: A creative solution for a pernicious problem. Ecological Modelling 495: 110807. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380024001959 (November 20, 2025).https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380024001959
Cohen, J., C. Wilton, H. Enander, T. Bassett, A. Cole-Wick, C. Ross, C. Wanlun Smith, and N. Sexton. (2024b). Michigan invasive species model. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1243c098a45a4f4db11082fbcb16e0f6. (March 4, 2025).https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1243c098a45a4f4db11082fbcb16e0f6
Cole, E. J. (1901). Grand Rapids flora: A catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. A. Van Dort.
Colgan, P. M., W. H. Amidon, and S. A. Thurkettle. (2017). Inland dunes on the abandoned bed of Glacial Lake Chicago indicate eolian activity during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, southwestern Michigan, USA. Quaternary Research 87: 66–81.
Colgan, P. M., N. R. Erber, J. M. Esch, J. A. Yellich, and G. P. Anderson. (2023). Surficial geology of Allegan County, Michigan. Michigan Geological Survey, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Map.
Comer, P. J., D. A. Albert, H. A. Wells, B. L. Hart, J. B. Raab, D. L. Price, D. M. Kashian, et al. (1995). Vegetation circa 1800 of Michigan. Michigan’s Native Landscape: As interpreted from the General Land Office Surveys 1816–1856. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing.
Consortium of Midwest Herbaria. (2025). Available at http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/index.php. (February 20, 2025).http://midwestherbaria.org/portal/index.php
Cornell, G. L. (2009). Native Americans. Pp. 402–411 in Michigan geography and geology. R. Schaetzl, J. Darden, and D. Brandt, editors. Pearson Custom Publishing.
Cremin, W. M., R. D. Hoxie, and D. E. Weston. (1978). 2–An archaeological survey of Allegan County, Michigan: 1977 transect survey in the lower Kalamazoo River valley. Archaeological Reports 18. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/18. (March 10, 2025).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/18
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. (2025). North American coastal plain. Conservation International, Crystal City, Virginia. Available at https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/north-american-coastal-plain. (February 21, 2025).https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/north-american-coastal-plain
Dempsey, D. (2001). Ruin & recovery: Michigan’s rise as a conservation leader. The University of Michigan Press.
Dodds, J. S. (2023). Hypericum adpressum rare plant profile. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, State Parks, Forests & Historic Sites, State Forest Fire Service & Forestry, Office of Natural Lands Management, New Jersey Natural Heritage Program, Trenton, New Jersey. Available at https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/docs/hypericum-adpressum-bartons-st-johns-wort.pdf. (February 21, 2025).https://www.nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/natural/heritage/docs/hypericum-adpressum-bartons-st-johns-wort.pdf
Dodge, C. K. (1900). Flora of St. Clair County, Michigan, and the western part of Lambton County, Ontario. Pp. 231–314 in Twenty-ninth annual report of the secretary of the State Horticultural Society of Michigan, 1899. E. C. Reid, ed. Robert Smith Printing Co.
Epstein, E. E. (2017). Natural communities, aquatic features, and selected habitats of Wisconsin. Chapter 7 in The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUBSS-1131H 2017, Madison.
Garland, E. B., and R. G. Kingsley. (1978). 4–Archaeological survey to determine prehistoric settlement patterns in Allegan County, Michigan: 1978 field season. Archaeological Reports 2. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/2/. (March 10, 2025).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/2/
Garland, E. B., and D. Rhead. (1980). 6–Settlement pattern survey in Allegan County, Michigan: 1979 field season. Archaeological Reports 5. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/5. (March 10, 2025).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/archaeological_reports/5
Gephart, G. D., and G. J. Larson. (1982). Surficial geology of Allegan County. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division. Map.
Hedge, R. L., and E. J. Stork. (2013). Rediscovery of Rhynchospora (Psilocarya) nitens (Cyperaceae) in Indiana. The Michigan Botanist 52: 25–31.
Hill, E. J. (1899). Notes on plants of the Chicago district. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 26: 303–311.
HistoricAerials.com. (2025). [HistoricAerials.com aerial imagery for Allegan State Game Area and vicinity, Michigan]. Available at https://historicaerials.com/. (January 24, 2025).https://historicaerials.com/
International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. N. Dudley, editor. International Union for Conservation of Nature Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 21, Gland, Switzerland. Available at https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/pag-021.pdf (February 17, 2025).https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/pag-021.pdf
Jackson, S. T., and D. K. Singer. (1997). Climate change and the development of coastal plain disjunctions in the central Great Lakes region. Rhodora 99: 101–117.
Jacquart, E., M. Homoya, and L. Casebere. (2002). Natural communities of Indiana: 7/1/02 working draft. Indiana Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Nature Preserves, Indianapolis.
Jeakle, M. L. (1992). An analysis of the artifacts from the historic components of the Elam site (20AE195), Allegan County, Michigan. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/874/. (March 10, 2025).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/874/
Johnson, C. (1880). History of Allegan and Barry counties, Michigan with illustrations and biographical sketches of their prominent men and pioneers. D. W. Ensign & Co.
The Kace Publishing Company. (1895). Illustrated atlas of Allegan County, Michigan.
Kartesz, J. T. (2015). The Biota of North America Program (BONAP), North American Plant Atlas. Available at http://bonap.net/napa. (February 26, 2025).http://bonap.net/napa
Keddy, P. A., and D. C. Laughlin. (2022). A framework for community ecology: Species pools, filters and traits. Cambridge University Press.
Kincare, K., and G. J. Larson. (2009). Evolution of the Great Lakes. Pp. 174–190 in Michigan geography and geology. R. Schaetzl, J. Darden, and D. Brandt, editors. Pearson Custom Publishing.
Kortenhoven, A. P., and J. M. Lincoln. (2017). Allegan State Game Area Compartment 23 review. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2017-15, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-15.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-15.pdf
Kortenhoven, A. P., J. M. Lincoln, and J. G. Cohen. (2015a). Allegan State Game Area: Natural features summary of Compartment 15. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2015-3, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2015-03.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2015-03.pdf
Kortenhoven, A. P., J. M. Lincoln, and J. G. Cohen. (2015b). Allegan State Game Area: Natural features summary of Compartment 7. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2015-25, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFIReport-2015-25.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFIReport-2015-25.pdf
Kortenhoven, A. P., J. M. Lincoln, and J. G. Cohen. (2016). Allegan State Game Area: Natural features summary of Compartment 11. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2016-22, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFIReport-2016-22.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFIReport-2016-22.pdf
Kost, M. A., and B. S. Slaughter. (2008). Natural community abstract for wet-mesic sand prairie. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-Mesic_Sand_Prairie.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-Mesic_Sand_Prairie.pdf
Kost, M. A., and M. R. Penskar. (2000). Natural community abstract for coastal plain marsh. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Coastal_Plain_Marsh.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Coastal_Plain_Marsh.pdf
Kost, M. A., D. A. Albert, J. G. Cohen, B. S. Slaughter, R. K. Schillo, C. R. Weber, and K. A. Chapman. (2007). Natural communities of Michigan: Classification and description. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2007-21, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2007-21.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2007-21.pdf
Kost, M. A., and B. S. Slaughter. (2008). Natural community abstract for wet-mesic sand prairie. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-Mesic_Sand_Prairie.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-Mesic_Sand_Prairie.pdf
Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel. (2006). World map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15: 259–263.
Lake, D. J. (1873). Atlas of Allegan County, Michigan: From actual surveys by and under the direction of D. J. Lake, assisted by B. N. Griffing, et al. C. O. Titus.
Landing, J. E. (1963). The decline of the commercial mint industry in Michigan. The Professional Geographer 15: 21–25.
Lane, K. (1983). Fennville Area: Fruit belt of western Allegan Co., Michigan. Fennville Herald, Fennville, Michigan.
Lee, J. G., and M. A. Kost. (2008). Systematic evaluation of oak regeneration in Lower Michigan. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2008-13, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2008-13.pdf. (April 19, 2023).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2008-13.pdf
Lemerand, M. (1965). Land utilization in the Allegan State Forest: A historical geography. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Available at https://scholarworks. wmich.edu/masters_theses/4813/. (April 19, 2023).https://scholarworks. wmich.edu/masters_theses/4813/
Lewis, K. E. (2002). West to far Michigan: Settling the Lower Peninsula, 1815–1860. Michigan State University Press.
Lincoln, J. M. (2017a). Natural features summary of Compartment 13, Allegan State Game Area. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2017-14, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-14.pdf. (January 29, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-14.pdf
Lincoln, J. M. (2017b). Natural features summary of Compartment 20, Allegan State Game Area. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2017-18, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-18.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-2017-18.pdf
Lincoln, J. M., and J. G. Cohen. (2015). Allegan State Game Area: Natural features summary of Compartment 6. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Report No. 2015-02, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-201502.pdf. (February 18, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/reports/MNFI-Report-201502.pdf
Michigan Department of Natural Resources [MDNR]. (2025). Natural areas [website]. Available at https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/places/natural-areas. (February 17, 2025).https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/places/natural-areas
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Forest Resources Division [MDNR FRD]. (2022). DNR forest inventory open data—stand covertype [shapefile]. Available at https://gis-midnr.opendata. arcgis.com/datasets/dbe4d6a5a9f84f16a152d1d026ceea15_3/explore. (January 24, 2025).https://gis-midnr.opendata. arcgis.com/datasets/dbe4d6a5a9f84f16a152d1d026ceea15_3/explore
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Division [MDNR WLD]. (2012). Strategic management plan for: Allegan State Game Area, Allegan County, Michigan. Southwest Management Unit, Allegan State Game Area Field Office.
Michigan Flora Online. A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, and B. S. Walters. (2011). University of Michigan. Available at https://michiganflora.net/home.aspx. (February 14, 2020).https://michiganflora.net/home.aspx
Michigan Natural Features Inventory. (2025). Michigan’s special plants: Endangered, Threatened, Special Concern, and Probably Extirpated. Lansing, Michigan. Available at https://mnfi.anr. msu.edu/species/plants. (March 3, 2025).https://mnfi.anr. msu.edu/species/plants
Midwestern Regional Climate Center. (2023a). Midwestern states (1991–2020) normal annual snowfall. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Available at mrcc.purdue.edu/cliwatch/images/annual_snowfall_normals_9120.png. (April 19, 2023).mrcc.purdue.edu/cliwatch/images/annual_snowfall_normals_9120.png
Midwestern Regional Climate Center. (2023b). Midwest Climate: Climate Trends Tool. Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Available at https://mrcc.illinois.edu/mw_climate/climateTrends.jsp. (April 19, 2023).https://mrcc.illinois.edu/mw_climate/climateTrends.jsp
Nash, B., T. Talbot, H. T. Wright, E. Greiner, and L. S. Cummings. (2024). Clovis organizational dynamics at a Late Glacial campsite in the central Great Lakes: Belson site excavations 2020–2021. PLoS ONE 19(5): e0302255. Available at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pone.0302255. (March 10, 2025).https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pone.0302255
NatureServe. (2024). NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at http://explorer.natureserve.org. (January 3, 2024).http://explorer.natureserve.org
New York Natural Heritage Program. (2024). Online conservation guide for Coastal plain pond shore. Available at https://guides.nynhp.org/coastal-plain-pond-shore/. (January 3, 2024).https://guides.nynhp.org/coastal-plain-pond-shore/
Nobis, A., J. Blaszkowski, and S. Zubek. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associations of vascular plants confined to river valleys: Towards understanding the river corridor plant distribution. Journal of Plant Research 128: 127–137.
Nobis, A., K. Rola, and M. Węgrzyn. (2017). Detailed study of a river corridor plant distribution pattern provides implications for river valley conservation. Ecological Indicators 83: 314–322.
Nobis, A., D. Chmolowska, T. H. Szymura, A. Nowak, and M. Nobis. (2022). Towards a better understanding of linear species distribution in river valleys: The abundance of river corridor plants is linked to soil exchangeable potassium and pH linear. Science of the Total Environment 851: 158292.
Normand, S., R. E. Ricklefs, F. Skov, J. Bladt, O. Tackenberg, and J.-C. Svenning. (2011). Postglacial migration supplements climate in determining plant species ranges in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 3644–3653.
Noss, R. F., W. J. Platt, B. A. Sorrie, A. S. Weakley, D. B. Means, J. Costanza, and R. K. Peet. (2015). How global biodiversity hotspots may go unrecognized: Lessons from the North American coastal plain. Diversity and Distributions 21: 236–244.
Palecki, M., I. Durre, S. Applequist, A. Arguez, and J. Lawrimore. (2021). U.S. climate normals (1991–2020). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Available at https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/normals-annualseasonal-1991-2020. (March 6, 2025).https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/normals-annualseasonal-1991-2020
Pavolovic, N. B., B. Plampin, G. S. Tonkovich, and D. R. Hamilla. (2024). Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. Natural Resource Report NPS/INDU/NRR–2024/2622, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Peattie, D. C. (1922). The Atlantic Coastal Plain element in the flora of the Great Lakes. Rhodora 24: 57–70, 80–88.
Penskar, M. R., and B. S. Walters. (2016). Noteworthy collections: First report of Hypericum adpressum (Hypericaceae) in Michigan. The Michigan Botanist 55: 100–103.
Perry, L. E. (1942). A fisheries survey of Dumont, Round, Ely, and Little Tom lakes, Allegan County. Fisheries Research Report 813, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division, Lansing.
Pierce, G. J. (1974). The coastal plain floristic element in Michigan. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo. Available at https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_ theses/2585/. (April 20, 2023).https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_ theses/2585/
Pierce, G. J., and R. W. Pippen. (1977). Scleria reticularis new to the Michigan flora. The Michigan Botanist 16: 63–65.
Reznicek, A. A. (1994). The disjunct coastal plain flora in the Great Lakes region. Biological Conservation 68: 203–215.
Reznicek, A. A. (1999). Rediscovery of Rhynchospora (Psilocarya) nitens (Cyperaceae) in the Great Lakes region. The Michigan Botanist 38: 35–37.
Rothrock, P. E. (2018). A comparative biogeography of the vascular floras of Illinois and Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 127: 7–10.
Ruthven, A. G. (1911). A biological survey of the sand dune region on the south shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey Publication 4, Biological Series 2. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co.
Ryder, S. S., and P. M. Hall. (2017). This land is your land, maybe: A historic institutionalist analysis for contextualizing split estate conflicts in U.S. unconventional oil and gas development. Land Use Policy 63: 149–159.
Schaddelee, L. A., Jr. (1975). Site analysis and interpretive development of the Allegan pine plains ecosystem. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Schaetzl, R. J., H. Enander, M. D. Luehmann, D. P. Lusch, C. Fish, M. Bigsby, M. Steigmeyer, et al. (2013). Mapping the physiography of Michigan with GIS. Physical Geography 34: 2–39.
Scharrer, E. M. (1971). Current evidence of tall-grass prairie remnants in southwestern Michigan. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Sinnott, E. W. (1912). The pond flora of Cape Cod. Rhodora 14: 25–34.
Slaughter, B. S. (2009). Natural community abstract for southern hardwood swamp. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Southern_Hardwood_Swamp.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Southern_Hardwood_Swamp.pdf
Slaughter, B. S. (2020). Vascular flora of Pierce Cedar Creek Institute, Barry County, Michigan. The Great Lakes Botanist 59: 99–158.
Slaughter, B. (2021). Ecological and floristic inventory, Armintrout–Milbocker Nature Preserve. Orbis Environmental Consulting, Project No. 2103012, South Bend, Indiana.
Slaughter, B. S., J. G. Cohen, and M. A. Kost. (2007). Natural community abstract for hardwoodconifer swamp. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Hardwood-Conifer_Swamp.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Hardwood-Conifer_Swamp.pdf
Slaughter, B. S., J. G. Cohen, and M. A. Kost. (2010). Natural community abstract for wet-mesic flatwoods. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-mesic_Flatwoods.pdf. (January 24, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Wet-mesic_Flatwoods.pdf
Sloss, C. R., M. Shepherd, and P. Hesp. (2012). Coastal dunes: Geomorphology. Nature Education Knowledge 3: 2.
Smith, P. F., and D. W. Woodland. (2006). Vascular plant study of Warren Dunes State Park, Berrien County, Michigan. The Michigan Botanist 45: 1–58.
Soil Survey Staff. (2025). Web soil survey. Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Available at https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. (April 19, 2023).https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/
Sorrie, B. A., and A. S. Weakley. (2001). Coastal plain vascular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50–82.
Stone, B. D., K. A. Kincare, D. W. O’Leary, W. L. Newell, E. M. Taylor, V. S. Williams, S. C. Lundstrom, et al. (2017). Surficial geologic map of Berrien County, Michigan, and the adjacent offshore area of Lake Michigan. United States Geological Survey Map 3383, 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000, and 49-p. pamphlet. Available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3383. (October 1, 2024).https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3383
Swain, P. C. (2020). Classification of the natural communities of Massachusetts. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Westborough. Available at https://www.mass.gov/doc/classification-of-the-natural-communities-of-massachusetts/ download. (January 3, 2024).https://www.mass.gov/doc/classification-of-the-natural-communities-of-massachusetts/
Talbot, T., H. T. Wright, and B. Nash. (2021). The Belson site: A Paleoindian campsite on the outwash plains of the central Great Lakes. Paleoamerica 7: 76–84.
Tepley, A. J., J. G. Cohen, and L. Huberty. (2004). Natural community abstract for floodplain forest. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing. Available at https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Floodplain_Forest.pdf. (January 29, 2025).https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/Floodplain_Forest.pdf
Thiers, B. (2023). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ ih. (March 10, 2025).http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/
Thomas, H. F. (1907). A twentieth century history of Allegan County, Michigan. Lewis Publishing Company.
Transeau, E. N. (1935). The prairie peninsula. Ecology 16: 423–437.
United States Census Bureau. (n.d. a). Clyde Township, Allegan County, Michigan. United States Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/profile/Clyde_township,_Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600516720. (March 6, 2025).https://data.census.gov/profile/Clyde_township,_Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600516720
United States Census Bureau. (n.d. b). Heath Township, Allegan County, Michigan. United States Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/profile/Heath_township,_Allegan_ County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600537460. (March 6, 2025).https://data.census.gov/profile/Heath_township,_Allegan_ County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600537460
United States Census Bureau. (n.d. c). Manlius Township, Allegan County, Michigan. United States Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/profile/Manlius_township,_ Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600550840. (March 6, 2025).https://data.census.gov/profile/Manlius_township,_ Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600550840
United States Census Bureau. (n.d. d). Valley Township, Allegan County, Michigan. United States Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/profile/Valley_township,_ Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600581580. (March 6, 2025).https://data.census.gov/profile/Valley_township,_ Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2600581580
United States Census Bureau. (n.d. e). Allegan County, Michigan. United States Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/profile/Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=050XX00 US26005. (March 6, 2025).https://data.census.gov/profile/Allegan_County,_Michigan?g=050XX00 US26005
United States Geological Survey. (2019a). USGS 13 arc-second n43w087 1 x 1 degree. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Available at https://apps. nationalmap.gov/downloader/. (April 19, 2023).https://apps. nationalmap.gov/downloader/
United States Geological Survey. (2019b). USGS 13 arc-second n43w086 1 x 1 degree. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Available at https://apps. nationalmap.gov/downloader/. (April 19, 2023).https://apps. nationalmap.gov/downloader/
United States Geological Survey. (2019c). USGS US Topo 7.5-minute map for Hamilton East Quadrangle, Michigan. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
United States Geological Survey Gap Analysis Project. (2024). Protected areas database of the United States (PAD-US) 4. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P96WBCHS (February 17, 2025).https://doi.org/10.5066/P96WBCHS
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2017). National ecological site handbook. Available at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/NESH. (January 22, 2025).https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/NESH
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024a). Ecological site F097XA004MI – Dry sandy lake plain. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA004MI. (January 23, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA004MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024b). Ecological site F097X010MI–Sandy slopes. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/catalogs/ esd/097X/F097XA010MI. (April 14, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/catalogs/ esd/097X/F097XA010MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024c). Ecological site F097XA006MI—Moist acidic sandy flatwoods. Available at https://edit.jornada. nmsu.edu/catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA006MI. (January 23, 2025).https://edit.jornada. nmsu.edu/catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA006MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024d). Ecological site F097XA007MI – Wet acidic sandy flatwoods. Available at https://edit.jornada. nmsu.edu/catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA007MI. (January 23, 2025).https://edit.jornada. nmsu.edu/catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA007MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024e). Ecological site F097XA030MI—Mucky depression. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA030MI. (January 24, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA030MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024f). Ecological site F097XA031MI – Acidic Peaty Depression. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA031MI. (January 24, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA031MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024g). Ecological site F097XA027MI – Wet Floodplain. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA027MI. (January 24, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/F097XA027MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024h). Ecological site F097XA025MI—Moist Floodplain. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/catalogs/ esd/097X/F097XA025MI. (January 29, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/catalogs/ esd/097X/F097XA025MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2024i). Ecological site R097XA024MI—Great Lakes Marsh. Available at https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/R097XA024MI. (January 29, 2025).https://edit.jornada.nmsu.edu/ catalogs/esd/097X/R097XA024MI
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2025). Ecological site descriptions. Available at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/getting-assistance/technical-assistance/ecological-sciences/ecological-site-descriptions. (January 22, 2025).https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/getting-assistance/technical-assistance/ecological-sciences/ecological-site-descriptions
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Level III ecoregions of the continental United States: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. EPA – National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, map scale 1:7,500,000 [map]. Available at https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-continental-united-states. (Accessed March 11, 2025).https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions-continental-united-states
Valachovics, T. R., and P. M. Colgan. (2016, September 25–28). Sediments of a pitted lacustrine plain and their implications for paleolake level of Glacial Lake Chicago, Cedar Creek Township, Muskegon County, Michigan U.S.A. [Poster Presentation]. 2016 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado. Available at https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/ Paper281148.html. (February 25, 2025).https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2016AM/webprogram/ Paper281148.html
Voss, E. G. (1972). Michigan flora. Part I: Gymnosperms and monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin 55 and University of Michigan Herbarium.
Voss, E. G. (1985). Michigan flora. Part II: Dicots. Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin 59 and University of Michigan Herbarium.
Voss, E. G. (1996). Michigan flora. Part III: Dicots concluded. Cranbrook Institute of Science 61 and University of Michigan Herbarium.
Voss, E. G., and A. A. Reznicek. (2012). Field manual of Michigan flora. University of Michigan Press.
Wells, J. R. (1970). The Michigan Natural Areas Council. Biological Conservation 2: 144–146.
Wilhelm, G., and L. Rericha. (2017). Flora of the Chicago region: A floristic and ecological synthesis. Indiana Academy of Science.
Wubs, E. R. J., R. G. A. Fraaije, G. A. de Groot, R. H. J. Erkens, A. G. Garssen, E. Kleyheeg, B. M. Raven, and M. B. Soons. (2016). Going against the flow: A case for upstream dispersal and detection of uncommon dispersal events. Freshwater Biology 61: 580–595.
APPENDIX A. ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF ALLEGAN STATE GAME AREA, ALLEGAN COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
The following is a checklist of vascular plant species collected from Allegan State Game Area (ASGA). Species, subspecies, varieties, and common names follow Michigan Flora Online (2011). Families for the most part follow Michigan Flora Online (2011), with exceptions reflecting recent updates by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV 2016). In these instances, families used in Michigan Flora Online (2011) are included in the checklist and cross-referenced to the new familial placements.
Introduced species are indicated with an asterisk (*) preceding the scientific name. Species without an asterisk are considered native to Michigan (Michigan Flora Online 2011) but are not necessarily native to ASGA (see annotations). Species that occur at ASGA only as plantings are generally not included in the checklist, unless they are documented as part of the spontaneous flora and/or have the potential to escape.
The authors’ collections are indicated with initials—BSS (Bradford S. Slaughter), RGS (Russell G. Schipper), and WSM (William S. Martinus). All specimens collected by the authors are curated at MICH (University of Michigan). Other collections are listed using the format First Initial. (Middle Initial.) Last Name Collection Number (HERBARIUM); herbarium codes follow the Index Herbariorum (Thiers 2023). Herbaria are A (Harvard University), ALMA (Alma College), BH (Cornell University), BLH (Cranbrook Institute of Science), CU (Cornell University), GH (Harvard University), HCHM (Hope College), MICH (University of Michigan), MO (Missouri Botanical Garden), MSC (Michigan State University), NA (United States National Arboretum, USDA-ARS), ND (University of Notre Dame), WIS (University of Wisconsin–Madison), WMU (Western Michigan University), and WUD (Wayne State University). Ten collections from HCHM and one collection from MSC included here are not databased in Michigan Flora Online (2011); these are indicated with a dagger (†).
ASGA is a very large area, and no systematic attempt was made to assess species abundances. With that caveat, we attempted to provide some insight on the abundance of each taxon that was collected and/or observed by the authors, as follows: Abundant (widespread, in many habitats, perhaps as a dominant); Locally abundant (localized but in very high numbers); Common (widespread, in few to many habitats with high frequency, or as a dominant in one major habitat); Locally common (localized in high numbers); Frequent (widespread, in few to many habitats with low frequency, or common in one habitat); Occasional (widespread in low numbers or occurring in two or more small colonies); Uncommon (widespread in low numbers or localized); Rare (widespread in very low numbers or localized in relatively low numbers).
Habitats are briefly noted for each species following the abundance ranks. Where species are a consistent and typical component of a specific natural community or natural communities (Cohen et al. 2020), we include these. Otherwise, we use more general terminology. The same caveats discussed above apply here too—the habitat designations are not intended to be exhaustive or restrictive but provide information that should be of value to future collectors and visitors interested in finding specific plants. For some species, we list specific locations.
Species listed as Endangered, Threatened, or Special Concern in Michigan (following MNFI 2025) are denoted as such in BOLD ALL CAPITALS following annotations on locations and habitats.
LYCOPODIIDAE (Lycopods)
LYCOPODIACEAE
Dendrolycopodium dendroideum (Michx.) A. Haines, tree clubmoss—WSM 1561. Uncommon. Mixed oak forest.
Dendrolycopodium hickeyi (W. H. Wagner, Beitel & R. C. Moran) A. Haines, Pennsylvania clubmoss—RGS 676; WSM 1037, 1484. Uncommon. Mixed oak–red maple–black gum forests and moist sandy openings.
Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines, ground-pine—RGS 573, 946. Uncommon. Upland forests.
Diphasiastrum digitatum (A. Braun) Holub, ground-cedar—RGS 666; WSM 1036. Uncommon. Moist sandy openings and borders.
Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub, ground-cedar—C. H. Kauffmann s.n. (MICH); WSM 1630. Rare. Oak–pine barrens and sandy bluffs.
Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) R. Trevis., shining clubmoss—J. M. Beitel 76045 (MICH); R. McVaugh 11265 (MICH); RGS 1252; WSM 1006. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp and mesic forest.
Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub, bog clubmoss—W. H. Wagner, Jr. 98050 (MICH). Rare. Seasonally wet peaty sand.
Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub × L. margueriteae J. G. Bruce, W. H. Wagner & Beitel, clubmoss—WSM 339. Rare. Wet mossy field.
Lycopodiella margueriteae J. G. Bruce, W. H. Wagner & Beitel, northern prostrate clubmoss—W. H. Wagner, Jr. 70477, 98048 (MICH). Rare. Seasonally wet peaty sand. THREATENED.
Lycopodiella subappressa J. G. Bruce, W. H. Wagner & Beitel, northern clubmoss—W. H. Wagner, Jr. 98046a1, 98046b, 98049 (MICH); WSM 1796.
Rare. Seasonally wet peaty sand. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Lycopodium clavatum L., running ground-pine—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1035. Rare. Sandy soil in damp fields and pipeline rightsof-way.
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes engelmannii A. Braun, Engelmann’s quillwort— A. A. Reznicek 8594 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1151 (MICH); W. H. Wagner, Jr. 8649 (MICH). Rare and local. Known only from 36th Street Marsh. ENDANGERED.
SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella eclipes W. R. Buck., selaginella— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1406. Uncommon. Swamps.
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring, sand club moss—A. A. Reznicek 7805 (MICH); J. M. Beitel 76180 (MICH); R. M. Chatters s.n. (MICH); WSM 778. Locally common. Oak–pine barrens, sandy fields, and along roads.
EQUISETIDAE (Horsetails)
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum arvense L., common horsetail—RGS 1324, 1841; WSM 979. Common. Wetlands.
Equisetum fluviatile L., water horsetail— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 764. Uncommon and local. Wetlands.
Equisetum hyemale L., scouring rush— C. H. Kauffman s.n., 266, 267 (MICH); WSM 978. Common. Uplands and upper margins of wetlands.
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun, smooth scouring rush—WSM 1361. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Equisetum palustre L., marsh horsetail—A. A. Reznicek 7801 (MICH). Locally common. Shallow water in Little Tom Lake.
Equisetum ×trachyodon (A. Braun) Koch, horsetail—J. M. Beitel 76047 (MICH). Local. Swan Creek floodplain.
Equisetum variegatum Schleich., variegated scouring rush—RGS 1770. Uncommon and local. Wet areas.
OPHIOGLOSSIDAE (Whisk ferns and Adder’s-tongues)
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx., rattlesnake fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH); WSM 1091. Occasional. Moist forests and swamps.
Ophioglossum pusillum Raf., northern adder’s-tongue—A. A. Reznicek 6712 (MICH); WSM 1579. Local. Seasonally wet sands in coastal plain marshes and ditches.
Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) Lyon, cut-leaved grape-fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1251; WSM 1029, 1058. Uncommon. Upland forests and elevated areas in swamps.
Sceptridium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) M. Nishida, leather grape-fern—WSM 898, 1003. Rare. Upland forests and swamps.
POLYPODIIDAE (Leptosporangiate Ferns)
ASPLENIACEAE
Amauropelta noveboracensis (L.) S. E. Fawc. & A. R. Sm., New York fern—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1195. Uncommon. Seeps and hardwood forests.
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) D. C. Eaton, ebony spleenwort—WSM 880. Uncommon. Fields and forest margins.
Athyrium angustum (Willd.) C. Presl., lady fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., four specimens (MICH); WSM 981. Occasional. Swamps and moist forests.
Deparia acrostichoides (Michx.) Desv., silvery spleenwort—C. H. Kauffman s.n., four specimens (MICH). Local. Hemlock swamp at New Richmond. Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro, ostrich fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH); WSM 1393. Uncommon. Riparian forests.
Onoclea sensibilis L., sensitive fern—G. C. Eickwort 79 (MSC); RGS 924. Common. Wetlands.
Phegopteris connectilis (L.) Slosson, northern beech-fern—RGS 1461. Rare. Dry mixed forest.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fée, broad beech-fern—C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH). Local. Under hemlocks in ravines at New Richmond.
Thelypteris palustris Schott, marsh fern—C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH); RGS 915; WSM 1744. Common. Wetlands.
BLECHNACEAE
Anchistea virginica (L.) C. Presl, Virginia chain-fern—E. G. Voss 15787 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1726 (MICH); RGS 618. Locally common. Open acidic wetlands.
CYSTOPTERIDACEAE
Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh., bulblet fern—RGS 1620. Local. Shaded hillside seeps.
Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell, fragile fern—BSS 3521, 3533. Local. Mesic terraces and slopes in floodplain forests.
Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm., oak fern—WSM 719. Rare and local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desvaux) A. Heller, bracken fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH); G. J. Pierce 2419 (MICH); WSM 950. Widespread and abundant. Open and forested uplands.
DIPLAZIOPSIDACEAE
Homalosorus pycnocarpos (Spreng.) Pic. Serm., narrow-leaved spleenwort—C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH). Local. Wooded ravines and hemlock swamp at New Richmond.
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs, spinulose woodfern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1022, 1254; WSM 982. Locally common. Moist forests and swamps.
Dryopteris clintoniana (D. C. Eat) Dowell, Clinton’s woodfern—C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); BSS 3544. Rare and local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray, crested shield fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 760. Occasional. Swamps, wet-mesic forests, and seeps.
Dryopteris goldieana (Hook.) A. Gray, Goldie’s woodfern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., three specimens (MICH); WSM 1535. Rare. Upper margin of hardwood–conifer swamp.
Dryopteris intermedia (Willd.) A. Gray, evergreen woodfern— C. H. Kauffman s.n., four specimens (MICH); RGS 740. Uncommon. Forests.
Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray, marginal woodfern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1446. Locally common. Moist forests.
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott., Christmas fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 728. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
ONOCLEACEAE – see ASPLENIACEAE OSMUNDACEAE
Claytosmunda claytoniana (L.) Metzgar & Rouhan, interrupted fern— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1432. Rare and local. Along Sand Creek.
Osmunda spectabilis Willd., royal fern—G. W. Parmelee 1682.1 (MSC); RGS 768. Common. Wetlands.
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl, cinnamon fern—WSM 980. Common. Wetlands.
POLYPODIACEAE
Polypodium virginianum L., common polypody—WSM 1007, 1450. Rare and local. Mesic forests.
PTERIDACEAE
Adiantum pedatum L., maidenhair fern—J. M. Lincoln 111 (MICH); WSM 721. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamps and rich forests.
THELYPTERIDACEAE – see ASPLENIACEAE
PINIDAE (Conifers)
CUPRESSACEAE
Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh, common juniper—WSM 1039. Rare and local. Mature black oak forest.
Juniperus virginiana L., red-cedar—WSM 771. Common. Upland forests and openings.
*Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich., bald cypress—WSM 1435. Locally common. Floodplain forest along Swan Creek.
Thuja occidentalis L., arbor vitae—WSM 976. Locally common. Hardwood– conifer swamps at the bases of steep bluffs in the vicinity of Big Dailey Bayou.
PINACEAE
Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, tamarack—RGS 912; WSM 723. Locally common. Wetlands including bog and hardwood–conifer swamp.
*Picea abies (L.) H. Karst, Norway spruce—RGS 936; WSM 756. Uncommon. Forest borders and dry sandy ground.
*Picea pungens Engelm., blue spruce—WSM 1258. Rare. Escape in forests.
Pinus banksiana Lamb., jack pine—WSM 780. Common. Oak–pine barrens, coastal plain marsh, and other openings. Likely not native to ASGA as no collections predate its introduction for erosion control in the 1930s (Lemerand 1965).
*Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, Austrian pine—RGS 1133, 1285. Uncommon. In and near plantations.
Pinus resinosa Aiton, red pine—WSM 1030. Common. Escape in forests adjacent to planted stands. Not native to ASGA.
Pinus strobus L., white pine—WSM 770. Common to abundant. Particularly common in forest understories but some large trees remain.
*Pinus sylvestris L., Scots pine—WSM 929. Uncommon. Sandy uplands.
*Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Douglas fir—WSM 1034. Rare. Escape on sandy open ground.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, hemlock—RGS 1170, 1284. Locally common. Wooded banks and hardwood–conifer swamps.
TAXACEAE
Taxus canadensis Marshall, yew—WSM 1534. Rare and local. Hardwood– conifer swamp and upper floodplain of Sand Creek.
*Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc., Japanese yew—WSM 1543. Rare. Escape in oak forest.
BASAL ANGIOSPERMS
CABOMBACEAE
Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel., water-shield—D. C. Chandler 172 (MICH); E. L. Cheatum 160 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 34 (MICH); RGS 1157. Common. Shallow lakes.
NYMPHAEACEAE
Nuphar advena (Aiton) W. D. Aiton, yellow pond-lily—D. C. Chandler 152, 183 (MICH); E. L. Cheatum 162 (MICH); WSM 1232. Abundant. Shores and bayous of Kalamazoo River.
Nuphar variegata Durand, yellow pond-lily—WSM 1750. Local. Open bog pools.
Nymphaea odorata Aiton, sweet-scented waterlily—D. C. Chandler 142, 181 (MICH); P. Searles 86 (WMU); RGS 903. Common to abundant. Lakes.
MAGNOLIIDAE (Magnoliids)
ANNONACEAE
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal, pawpaw—RGS 1193, 1748. Uncommon to locally abundant. Floodplain forest, mesic forests, and along Kalamazoo River.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Asarum canadense L., wild-ginger—WSM 794. Locally common. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf., Virginia snakeroot—BSS 3518. Local. Floodplain forest, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. THREATENED.
LAURACEAE
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, spicebush— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1328; WSM 754. Common. Wetlands and moist forests.
Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, sassafras—A. O. Haugen 35 (MICH); RGS 968; R. McVaugh 11256 (MICH); WSM 798. Common. Forests and forest borders.
MAGNOLIACEAE
Liriodendron tulipifera L., tulip tree—WSM 1001. Occasional to locally common. Mesic forests and hummocks in swamps or flatwoods.
SAURURACEAE
Saururus cernuus L., lizard’s-tail—RGS 762; WSM 1002. Locally abundant.
Floodplain forest and other riparian wetlands.
MONOCOTS
ACORACEAE
Acorus americanus (Raf.) Raf., sweetflag—RGS 1191. Rare. Upper floodplain of Kalamazoo River.
AGAVACEAE – see ASPARAGACEAE
ALISMATACEAE
Alisma subcordatum Raf., southern water-plantain—BSS 3555. Occasional. Open wetlands.
Alisma triviale Pursh, northern water-plantain—D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); RGS 1180; WSM 1254, 1453, 1697. Uncommon. Open wetlands.
Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buchenau, dwarf burhead—A. A. Reznicek 8596, 8608 (MICH); BSS 602; M. R. Penskar 1521 (MICH); WSM 1719. Very local. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie. Persists in the seedbank and germinates intermittently following summer drawdowns. ENDANGERED.
Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl., arrow-arum—D. C. Chandler 143 (MICH); WSM 1138. Locally common. Open wetlands.
Sagittaria graminea Michx., grass-leaved arrowhead—M. R. Penskar 1150 (MICH); RGS 776. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh.
Sagittaria latifolia Willd., wapato—F. W. Stuewer s.n. (MSC); RGS 413, 1120. Common. Shallow water in lakes.
ALLIACEAE – see AMARYLLIDACEAE
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Allium canadense L., wild garlic—WSM 1633. Uncommon. Floodplain forest and shallow pools in mesic forest.
*Allium schoenoprasum L. var. schoenoprasum, wild chives—WSM 1517. Uncommon. Lawns and roadsides.
Allium tricoccum Aiton, wild leek—G. C. Eickwort 89 (MSC); WSM 1229, 1622. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
*Allium vineale L., field garlic—RGS 745. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Galanthus nivalis L., snowdrop—WSM 1544, 1626. Rare. Disturbed wet forest. WSM 1626 is f. pleniflorus P. D. Sell.
*Narcissus ×medioluteus Mill., cemetery ladies—WSM 1556. Rare. Dry ditch.
*Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., daffodil—WSM 1043. Rare. Open uplands.
ARACEAE
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott, green dragon—RGS 1241; WSM 1123. Uncommon. Floodplain forests along Kalamazoo River and Swan Creek.
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott, jack-in-the-pulpit—RGS 1000; WSM 803. Locally common. Rich forests.
Lemna minor L., common duckweed—R. McVaugh 11269 (BLH, MICH); WSM 769. Common. Quiet water.
Lemna trisulca L., star duckweed—F. W. Stuewer s.n. (MSC); WSM 1624. Uncommon. Shallow lakes and Swan Creek impoundment.
Lemna turionifera Landolt, red duckweed—RGS 934, 1419. Uncommon. Quiet water.
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid., greater duckweed—RGS 1403. Common. Quiet water.
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt., skunk-cabbage—WSM 761. Locally abundant. Wetlands.
Wolffia borealis (Engelm.) Landolt & Wildi ex Gandhi, Wiersema & Brouillet, dotted water meal—RGS 1702. Occasional. Quiet water.
Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd., pointed water meal—RGS 1204, 1206, 1255, 1311, 1317, 1415, 1752. Locally abundant. Swan Creek and Pine Creek ponds; quiet waters in Kalamazoo River.
Wolffia columbiana H. Karst., common water meal—RGS 1075, 1268. Locally abundant. Swan Creek and Pine Creek ponds.
ASPARAGACEAE
*Asparagus officinalis L., garden asparagus—A. O. Haugen 194 (MICH); WSM 932. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
*Convallaria majalis L., lily-of-the-valley—RGS 1226; WSM 1067. Locally common. Persistent at old homesites and spreading into adjacent forests.
*Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn, hosta—WSM 1818. Rare. Disturbed upland forest.
*Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm., Spanish bluebell—WSM 1655. Locally common. Disturbed mixed forest. First record for Michigan.
Maianthemum canadense Desf. var. canadense, Canada mayflower—RGS 699. Common. Mesic forests and hummocks in swamps.
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link, false spikenard—RGS 738. Uncommon. Rich mesic to dry-mesic forests.
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link, starry false Solomon-seal—RGS 709. Uncommon. Shaded riparian areas.
*Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill., grape-hyacinth—WSM 1066. Rare. Successional forest.
*Ornithogalum umbellatum L., star-of-Bethlehem—WSM 1100. Rare. Floodplain forest along Bear Creek.
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott, Solomon-seal—WSM 968. Uncommon. Forests.
Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh, downy Solomon-seal—F. W. Stuewer 247 (MICH); WSM 809. Widespread and common. Forests.
*Puschkinia scilloides Adams, striped squill—WSM 1540. Rare. Margin of disturbed wet forest. First record for Michigan.
*Scilla forbesii (Baker) Speta, glory-of-the-snow—WSM 1625. Uncommon. Mixed hardwood forest.
*Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta, glory-of-the-snow—WSM 1541. Uncommon. Margin of disturbed wet forest.
*Scilla siberica Haw., Siberian squill—RGS 955; WSM 1042. Local. Disturbed forests.
*Yucca flaccida Haw., yucca—E. G. Voss 7223a (MICH); RGS 1108. Locally common. Dry open ground, especially near former home sites.
ASPHODELACEAE
*Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L., orange day-lily—RGS 1074; WSM 1165. Uncommon and local. Disturbed open ground.
COLCHICACEAE
Uvularia grandiflora Sm., bellwort—RGS 739. Uncommon. Wooded terraces along Bear Creek and Kalamazoo River.
COMMELINACEAE
*Commelina communis L., common day flower—WSM 949. Uncommon. Recently logged upland forest.
Tradescantia ohiensis Raf., common spiderwort—A. O. Haugen 185 (BLH, MICH); D. S. Dean LP-1, LR-1 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4142 (WUD); RGS 816. Common. Dry open ground and forest borders.
CONVALLARIACEAE—see ASPARAGACEAE, COLCHICACEAE, and LILIACEAE
CYPERACEAE
Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Soják, bulrush—RGS 1458, 1666. Uncommon and local. Kalamazoo River floodplain and man-made pond.
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) C. B. Clarke, sedge—A. A. Reznicek 8878 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1448 (MICH, WMU); L. A. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH); RGS 603; WSM 1499. Locally common. Open sandy uplands and recently exposed sandy substrates in coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
*Carex aggregata Mack., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 12434 (MICH). Sparse. Shaded border of sandy field.
Carex albicans Spreng. var. albicans, sedge—RGS 1333, 1363. Uncommon. Dry forests and clearings.
Carex albicans Spreng. var. emmonsii (Torr.) Rettig, sedge—A. A. Reznicek 6713 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 1154 (MICH, MSC, NA), 8871 (MICH); RGS 1580, 1783, 1792, 1802; WSM 1122. Uncommon. Sandy fields and forest borders.
Carex albursina E. Sheld., sedge—RGS 1348. Uncommon. Floodplain forests.
Carex amphibola Steud., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 12433 (MICH); RGS 1034, 1589; WSM 1395. Uncommon. Various habitats including hardwood– conifer swamp, southern hardwood swamp, and field borders. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Carex annectens (E. P. Bicknell) E. P. Bicknell var. xanthocarpa (Kük.) Wiegand, sedge—A. A. Reznicek 12221 (MICH); RGS 522. Uncommon. Disturbed open sandy ground and recently cleared upland forest.
Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. substricta Kük., sedge—C. Maat 79 (HCHM)†; L. Anman 164 (HCHM)†; S. Bruggers 12 (HCHM)†. Local. Codominant in Miner Lake Bog.
Carex arctata Boott, sedge—WSM 1082. Occasional. Mesic forests.
Carex atherodes Spreng., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 8647 (MICH). Local. Shallow water in low, sandy-peaty meadow.
Carex atlantica L. H. Bailey subsp. atlantica, sedge—RGS 1644, 1645; T. J. Bassett 6054 (WMU); WSM 1157. Uncommon. Bog, coastal plain marsh, and swamp forests.
Carex bebbii (L. H. Bailey) Fernald, sedge—RGS 1678. Uncommon. Marsh borders.
Carex blanda Dewey, sedge—RGS 707, 724; WSM 1550. Frequent. Moist ground.
Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack., sedge—RGS 1124, 1389; T. J. Bassett 5039 (WMU). Occasional. Oak–pine barrens.
Carex bromoides Willd., sedge—RGS 714, 952, 1601; WSM 1125. Common. Swamps, seeps, and floodplains.
Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. subsp. sphaerostachya (Tuck.) Kalela, sedge—WSM 1562. Locally common. Southern hardwood swamp.
Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb., sedge—C. W. Bazuin 1155 (MICH, MSC, NA); J. M. Lincoln 71 (MICH); WSM 1644. Locally common. Sandy lakeshores and swales.
Carex canescens L., sedge—RGS 1788. Uncommon. Wooded margin of Little Tom Lake.
Carex careyana Dewey, sedge—RGS 1021. Uncommon. Elevated terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Carex cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey, sedge—WSM 1707. Uncommon. Disturbed open uplands.
Carex cephalophora Willd., sedge—RGS 809, 1669, 1809. Uncommon. Dry forests.
Carex chordorrhiza L. f., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 10140 (MICH); S. Bruggers 14 (HCHM)†. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Carex comosa Boott, sedge—RGS 1031. Common. Open marshes and wet areas.
Carex communis L. H. Bailey, sedge—BSS 3532. Local. Mesic forests.
Carex conoidea Willd., beauty sedge—A. A. Reznicek 12429 (MICH); WSM 1566. Rare. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Carex copulata (L. H. Bailey) Mack., sedge—BSS 3520. Uncommon and local. Floodplain forest.
Carex crinita Lam., sedge—F. W. Stuewer 260 (MICH); RGS 998, 1006; WSM 1093. Common. Swamps.
Carex cristatella Britton, sedge—RGS 772, 1057, 1117, 1181, 1424, 1462, 1602. Common. Floodplains and moist ground.
Carex cryptolepis Mack., sedge—RGS 846; WSM 628. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh.
Carex cumulata (L. H. Bailey) Fernald, sedge—C. W. Bazuin 8872 (MSC); G. J. Pierce 1450 (MICH); RGS 467. Uncommon. Recently disturbed sandy ground and drier margins of coastal plain marsh.
Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr., Davis’ sedge—BSS 3528. Local. Floodplain forest and wetland borders.
Carex debilis Michx. var. rudgei L. H. Bailey, swamp sedge—J. K. Hiltunen 4277 (WUD); RGS 1648, 1651. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Carex echinata Murray var. angustata (J. Carey) L. H. Bailey, sedge—C. W. Bazuin 9780 (MICH); RGS 1797; WSM 1156. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Carex flava L., sedge—RGS 1407. Uncommon. Streambanks in swamp forest.
Carex folliculata L., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 7804 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1820 (MICH); RGS 1004. Uncommon. Mesic forest and swamps.
Carex frankii Kunth, Frank’s sedge—BSS 1475; RGS 1056. Uncommon. Disturbed moist ground.
Carex gracilescens Steud., sedge—BSS 3522. Local. Mesic forests.
Carex gracillima Schwein., sedge—RGS 993; WSM 1076. Uncommon. Moist forests.
Carex granularis Willd., sedge—RGS 1574. Uncommon. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Carex grayi J. Carey, sedge—F. W. Stuewer 265 (MICH); WSM 998. Locally common. Floodplains.
Carex grisea Wahlenb., sedge—RGS 1351, 1591. Uncommon. Mesic forests and floodplains.
Carex hirtifolia Mack., sedge—RGS 1362. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Carex hitchcockiana Dewey, sedge—RGS 1360. Uncommon. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest.
Carex hystericina Willd., sedge—RGS 1336; WSM 1135. Common. Floodplains and wetlands.
Carex interior L. H. Bailey, sedge—RGS 713, 1366. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Carex intumescens Rudge, sedge—G. J. Pierce 1820a (MICH); RGS 477, 527, 754. Common. Mesic to wet forests.
Carex jamesii Schwein., James’ sedge—RGS 1349. Uncommon. Terraces in floodplain forest.
Carex lacustris Willd., sedge—RGS 712, 978, 1450, 1474; WSM 1137. Common. Wetlands and shores.
Carex laevivaginata (Kük.) Mack., sedge—RGS 702, 1609, 1791. Uncommon. Swamps and seeps.
Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh., sedge—C. W. Bazuin 9774 (MICH); WSM 1687. Locally abundant. Open wetlands including Miner Lake Bog.
Carex laxiflora Lam., sedge—RGS 1588; WSM 1063. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Carex leptalea Wahlenb., sedge—RGS 1335, 1425. Frequent. Swamps.
Carex leptonervia (Fernald) Fernald, sedge—RGS 1606; WSM 1088, 1133. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Carex longii Mack., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 9098 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8874 (MSC); G. J. Pierce 1406 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4285 (WUD); RGS 1397, 1801, 1817; WSM 1335. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and shores.
Carex lupulina Willd., sedge—D. L. Allen s.n., two specimens (MSC); RGS 921. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Carex lurida Wahlenb., sedge—RGS 1192. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Carex molesta Mack., sedge—RGS 1810. Rare. Wooded bank above floodplain.
Carex muehlenbergii Willd. var. muehlenbergii, sedge—E. G. Voss 6479 (MICH); RGS 294, 504, 1376, 1426, 1583, 1630. Common. Sandy fields and oak–pine barrens.
Carex oligocarpa Willd., sedge—BSS 3517. Rare and local. Terraces in floodplain forest, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. THREATENED.
Carex oligosperma Michx., sedge—A. A. Reznicek 7803 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 1159 (MSC); G. J. Pierce 1402 (MICH); WSM 1362. Locally common. Sphagnum mats and shores at Ely and Little Tom lakes.
Carex pedunculata Willd., sedge—RGS 957. Uncommon. Mixed swamp forest near Bear Creek.
Carex pellita Willd., sedge—RGS 1005; WSM 1094. Locally common. Shores, pools, and seasonally wet depressions.
Carex pensylvanica Lam., sedge—RGS 250, 360, 1584, 1600, 1603. Abundant. Sandy fields, oak–pine barrens, and forests.
Carex plantaginea Lam., sedge—RGS 1318. Rare. Terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Carex prairea Dewey, sedge—RGS 1598, 1796. Uncommon. Open and semishaded wetlands.
Carex prasina Wahlenb., sedge—RGS 752. Rare. Floodplain forest along Swan Creek.
Carex projecta Mack., sedge—RGS 1176. Rare. Margin of southern hardwood swamp near Ely Lake.
Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small, straight-styled wood sedge—RGS 2538. Local. Swamp forests.
Carex retrorsa Schwein., sedge—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC). Fields in Kalamazoo River floodplain (collected in 1938 only).
Carex rosea Willd., curly-styled wood sedge—RGS 734, 1065, 1347, 1569. Common. Dry to wet forests including cut-over stands.
Carex scabrata Schwein., sedge—RGS 704. Uncommon. Wooded seeps.
Carex scoparia Willd., sedge—C. W. Bazuin 8948 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1454 (MICH); RGS 470, 1148, 1149, 1435. Common. Shores and coastal plain marsh.
Carex seorsa Howe, sedge—RGS 991, 1647, 1650. Rare. Shaded pools in swamp forest and southern shrub-carr. THREATENED.
Carex siccata Dewey, sedge—RGS 359, 372, 1605. Common. Dry, open oak forests.
Carex sparganioides Willd., sedge—BSS 3514. Occasional. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest.
Carex stipata Willd., sedge—RGS 716, 1646. Common. Wetlands.
Carex stricta Lam., sedge—RGS 989, 1035; WSM 1394. Common. Wetlands. Carex swanii (Fernald) Mack., sedge—C. W. Bazuin 8873 (MICH, MSC), 9767 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1451 (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1685 (MSC); J. K. Hiltunen 4284 (WUD); RGS 247, 515, 810, 1007, 1020. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Carex tenera Dewey, sedge—A. A. Reznicek 9097 (MICH); WSM 1683. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Carex tetanica Schkuhr, sedge—A. A. Reznicek 9096 (MICH). Rare. Wetmesic sand prairie.
Carex tonsa (Fernald) E. P. Bicknell var. rugosperma (Mack.) Crins, sedge— R. McVaugh 1251 (BLH, MICH, WUD); WSM 1097. Locally common. Sandy bluffs and blowouts.
Carex tribuloides Wahlenb., sedge—BSS 1288; RGS 1036, 1409, 1413, 1427, 1451; WSM 1206. Common. Swamps and shores.
Carex trichocarpa Willd., hairy-fruited sedge—BSS 3523. Local. Swale in floodplain forest, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Carex trisperma Dewey, sedge—WSM 1139. Uncommon. Bog and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Carex utriculata Boott, sedge—RGS 721. Uncommon. Open and shrubby wetlands.
Carex vesicaria L., sedge—J. M. Lincoln 75, 76, 77 (MICH); RGS 785. Uncommon. Seasonally ponded openings and low areas in coastal plain marsh.
Carex vulpinoidea Michx., sedge—RGS 1077. Common. Open to partly shaded wetlands.
Carex woodii Dewey, sedge—RGS 1320, 1361. Uncommon. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest.
Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr., twig-rush—C. W. Bazuin 7880 (BLH); D. C. Chandler 155 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer s.n. (MSC); G. J. Pierce 1401 (MICH); RGS 1171, 1224. Locally common. Bog, coastal plain marsh, and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Cyperus bipartitus Kunth, brook nut sedge— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); RGS 1294, 1759. Uncommon. Wet shores.
Cyperus engelmannii Steud., umbrella sedge—RGS 1485, 1747. Uncommon. Wet shores and peat mats.
Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl., umbrella sedge—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); G. J. Pierce 1808 (MICH); RGS 1507; WSM 1509. Uncommon. Shores and floodplains.
Cyperus esculentus L., yellow nutsedge—RGS 1484, 1486; WSM 1510. Uncommon. Wet shores and moist fields.
Cyperus flavescens L., yellow flat sedge—A. A. Reznicek 7810 (MICH). Wet depression along road in pipeline right-of-way.
Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks subsp. macilentus (Fernald) Marcks, slender sand sedge—A. O. Haugen 223 (MICH); E. G. Voss 7226 (MICH); J. G. Bruce 2427 (MICH); RGS 293, 568; WSM 1353. Common. Open sandy ground.
Cyperus odoratus L., umbrella sedge—RGS 1289, 1446, 1456, 1457; WSM 1349, 1365. Common. Mud flats along Kalamazoo River and ponds.
Cyperus schweinitzii Torr., rough sand sedge—A. A. Reznicek 10969 (MICH). Uncommon. Sandy banks.
Cyperus squarrosus L., umbrella sedge—A. A. Reznicek 11050 (MICH); RGS 1295, 1733, 1846; WSM 1338. Uncommon. Mudflats along Kalamazoo River and ponds.
Cyperus strigosus L., long scaled nut sedge—RGS 900, 1160, 1234, 1303. Common. Open wetlands.
Cyperus subsquarrosus (Muhl.) Bauters, dwarf-bulrush—RGS 901. Rare. Wet sandy shore of Round Lake. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton, three-way sedge—G. J. Pierce 1396 (MICH, WMU); RGS 612, 837. Common. Open wetlands and shores.
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult., spike-rush—RGS 1795. Rare. Margin of backwater channel in Kalamazoo River floodplain.
Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J. Presl & C. Presl, purple spike-rush—M. R. Penskar 1536 (MICH); WSM 1718. Local. Coastal plain marsh. Appears sporadically following draw-downs. ENDANGERED.
Eleocharis elliptica Kunth, golden-seeded spike-rush—BSS 3548. Common. Miner Lake Bog.
Eleocharis engelmannii Steud., Engelmann’s spike-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8603 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1999-102 (MICH); L. A. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH); WSM 1717, 1783, 1788. Local and uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and seasonally wet sand. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Eleocharis erythropoda Steud., spike-rush—RGS 1207, 1387, 1455, 1617, 1683, 1731; WSM 1145. Common. Shores.
Eleocharis flavescens (Poir.) Urb. var. olivacea (Torr.) Gleason, spike-rush— BSS 1082; G. J. Pierce 1405 (MICH); RGS 838, 860, 902. Common. Coastal plain marsh and shores.
Eleocharis intermedia Schult., spike-rush—RGS 1296, 1508, 1735. Uncommon. Shores and Kalamazoo River floodplain.
Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr., black-fruited spike-rush—C. W. Bazuin 1156 (MSC), 8865 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1999-101 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1456, 1728a, 2518 (MICH); RGS 784, 1147. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. var. filiculmis Torr., small-fruited spike-rush— A. A. Reznicek 10958 (MICH); E. G. Voss 15784 (MICH); R. F. C. Naczi 2332 (MICH); WSM 1784. Local. Coastal plain marsh. ENDANGERED.
Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult., spike-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8602, 10959, 10968 (MICH); BSS 605; D. L. Allen 44 (MICH); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 15785 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1806 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1082 (MICH); RGS 485, 487, 615, 1843. Common. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, wet fields, and shores.
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult., spike-rush—WSM 1584. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh.
Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes, spike-rush—E. G. Voss 7222a (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1397 (MICH); RGS 831, 1145. Locally common. Lakeshores and coastal plain marsh.
Eleocharis tricostata Torr., three-ribbed spike-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8593 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1989-65 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1152, 1535 (MICH); RGS 218, 481, 804, 805, 930; WSM 558, 1794. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh. THREATENED.
Eriophorum gracile W. D. J. Koch, slender cotton-grass—RGS 1798; WSM 1155. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Eriophorum virginicum L., tawny cotton-grass—RGS 1172, 1868. Locally common. Bogs.
Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald, green-keeled cotton-grass— WSM 1146. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) Roem. & Schult., autumn sedge—G. J. Pierce 1447 (MICH, WMU); RGS 217, 660, 857, 859; WSM 375. Common. Coastal plain marsh.
Fuirena pumila Spreng., umbrella-grass—BSS 3621; G. J. Pierce 1720 (MICH, WMU), 2429 (MICH). Known only from Crooked Lake, where it is locally frequent on peat mats and sporadic on the sandy shoreline. THREATENED.
Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl, beak-rush—RGS 862. Uncommon. Bogs and shore of Round Lake.
Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl, beak-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8651, 8852 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 7874 (MSC); E. G. Voss 8173 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1400, 1441, 1449 (MICH); P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 404, 661, 806, 836, 856; WSM 1521. Common. Coastal plain marsh and wetmesic sand prairie.
Rhynchospora fusca (L.) W. T. Aiton, beak-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8343 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 7874 (BLH); WSM 1472. Uncommon. Lakeshores.
Rhynchospora macrostachya A. Gray, tall beak-rush—C. W. Bazuin 4984 (MSC), 9624 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8169, 8180, 9141 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1398, 1443, 1457, 1815, 2422, 2513a (MICH); RGS 405; WSM 1345. Locally abundant. Coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Rhynchospora nitens (Vahl) A. Gray, short-beaked bald-rush—A. A. Reznicek 10966 (MICH); BSS 1739; RGS 834. Local. Of sporadic appearance but periodically abundant on exposed bottom of Goose Lake. ENDANGERED.
Rhynchospora recognita (Gale) Kral, globe beak-rush—A. A. Reznicek 10149 (MICH). Rare. Wet-mesic sand prairie. ENDANGERED.
Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torr.) Griseb., bald-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8342, 10960, 10967 (MICH); BSS 3622; E. G. Voss 8170, 15786 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1812, 2430, 2517 (MICH); RGS 227, 832, 858; WSM 1774, 1775, 1785. Local. Periodically abundant in coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Schoenoplectiella hallii (A. Gray) Lye, Hall’s bulrush—A. A. Reznicek 8607, 8877 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1147, 1486, 1520, 1549 (MICH); WSM 1716. Local. Of sporadic appearance in draw-down years in coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie. THREATENED.
*Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & H.K. Choi, bog bulrush—RGS 1695, 1836; WSM 1715. Local. Shallow water and shores of artificial ponds.
Schoenoplectiella purshiana (Fernald) Lye var. purshiana, Pursh’s tufted bulrush—A. A. Reznicek 8683 (MICH); BSS 1744; RGS 674. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and swales, including disturbed areas.
Schoenoplectus acutus (Bigelow) Á. Löve & D. Löve, hardstem bulrush— WSM 1248. Common. Shores and marshes.
Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla, threesquare—RGS 899. Locally common. Shores.
Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torr.) Soják, bulrush—RGS 1144. Rare. Shallow water in Round Lake.
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C. C. Gmel.) Palla, softstem bulrush—WSM 1250. Uncommon and local. Kalamazoo River bayou.
Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla, Torrey’s bulrush—A. A. Reznicek 8345 (MICH); E. L. Cheatum 166 (MICH); WSM 1471, 1801. Local. Coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Scirpus atrovirens Willd., bulrush—RGS 914. Uncommon. Open wetlands and open wet ground.
Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, wool-grass—A. A. Reznicek 8599 (MICH); D. C. Chandler 144, 147 (MICH); RGS 564. Common. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, and elsewhere on seasonally moist to wet ground.
Scirpus expansus Fernald, bulrush—RGS 761. Rare. Open and shrubby wetlands.
Scirpus pendulus Muhl., bulrush—RGS 782, 1684, 1685. Rare. Shores and moist ground in fields.
Scleria pauciflora Willd. var. pauciflora, few-flowered nut-rush—M. R. Penskar 1348 (MICH). Rare. Known only from a sandy roadside near 36th Street Marsh. ENDANGERED.
Scleria reticularis Michx., netted nut-rush—A. A. Reznicek 8344, 10962 (MICH); BSS 1738; D. A. Albert 1988-125 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1081 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1811, 1834, 2420 (MICH); RGS 216; WSM 1786, 1793. Local. Coastal plain marsh. THREATENED.
Scleria triglomerata Michx., tall nut-rush—D. A. Albert 1986-74 (MICH); L. A. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH); RGS 668; T. J. Bassett 5057 (WMU). Uncommon. Seasonally moist to dry sands in coastal plain marsh, wetmesic sand prairie, and oak–pine barrens. SPECIAL CONCERN.
DIOSCOREACEAE
*Dioscorea polystachya Turcz., Chinese yam—WSM 1848. Rare. Disturbed mixed hardwood forest.
Dioscorea villosa L., wild yam—P. A. Hebert s.n. (ND); WSM 1187. Common. Wetlands, moist forests, and thickets.
ERIOCAULACEAE
Eriocaulon aquaticum (Hill) Druce, pipewort—D. C. Chandler 174 (MICH); D. L. Allen 6, s.n., two specimens (MSC); E. L. Cheatum 161 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1394 (MICH); RGS 861. Locally common. Shallow water in Ely, Little Tom, and Round lakes.
HEMEROCALLIDACEAE – see ASPHODELACEAE
HOSTACEAE – see ASPARAGACEAE
HYACINTHACEAE – see ASPARAGACEAE
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Elodea canadensis Michx., common waterweed—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 1167. Uncommon. Shallow water in Crooked Lake and Kalamazoo River.
Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H. St. John, slender waterweed—RGS 1270. Rare. Backwater of Swan Creek.
Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt, slender naiad—D. C. Chandler 175 (MICH); RGS 1823. Locally common. Man-made pond and Round Lake.
*Najas marina L., spiny naiad—RGS 1824. Uncommon. Man-made pond.
Vallisneria americana Michx., eel-grass—RGS 2461. Uncommon and local. Shallow water in Lake Allegan.
IRIDACEAE
*Iris germanica L., fleur-de-lys—WSM 1124. Uncommon. Fields.
*Iris pseudacorus L., yellow flag—WSM 1110. Uncommon. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Iris virginica L., southern blue flag—F. W. Stuewer 263 (MICH); RGS 763. Common. Wetlands.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill., stout blue-eyed-grass—RGS 525, 576. Locally common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Sisyrinchium atlanticum E. P. Bicknell, eastern blue-eyed-grass—A. A. Reznicek 7809, 10138 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1986-72, 1989-72 (MICH); J. M. Lincoln 50 (MICH); RGS 669, 777, 778, 876. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh. THREATENED.
Sisyrinchium strictum E. P. Bicknell, blue-eyed-grass—WSM 1781. Rare. Damp, disturbed opening in mixed oak forest. THREATENED.
JUNCACEAE
Juncus anthelatus (Wiegand) R. E. Brooks, large path rush—A. A. Reznicek 10139 (MICH). Wet-mesic sand prairie. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Juncus articulatus L., jointed rush—WSM 1721. Uncommon and local. Ditch.
Juncus biflorus Elliott, two-flowered rush—A. A. Reznicek 12223 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1145 (MICH); RGS 574, 1713. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and damp disturbed ground.
Juncus brachycarpus Engelm., short-fruited rush—A. A. Reznicek 8885 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1986-70 (MICH). Local. Wet-mesic sand prairie. THREATENED.
Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buchenau, rush—P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 917. Uncommon. Shores and open wetlands.
Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius, toad rush—C. W. Bazuin 8870 (MSC); WSM 1699. Uncommon. Disturbed wet fields.
Juncus canadensis Laharpe, Canadian rush—G. J. Pierce 1444, 1816 (MICH); RGS 619, 835, 864, 1155, 1428; WSM 557, 1233. Common. Coastal plain marsh, ditches, and shores.
Juncus dichotomus Elliott, forked rush—RGS 811, 1698. Rare and local. Seasonally wet swales. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Juncus dudleyi Wiegand, Dudley’s rush—RGS 1677, 1789, 1804. Uncommon. Seeps and along streams.
Juncus effusus L. subsp. solutus Fernald & Wiegand, soft-stemmed rush—A. A. Reznicek 10137 (MICH); RGS 1150. Common. Shores and open wetlands.
Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuck., Greene’s rush—C. W. Bazuin 8925 (MICH, MSC); RGS 471, 656, 813, 1125. Common. Coastal plain marsh, swales, and moist ground.
Juncus marginatus Rostk., grass-leaved rush—A. A. Reznicek 8604 (MICH); WSM 1583. Locally common. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Juncus nodosus L., joint rush—RGS 1672, 1673, 1686, 1771. Uncommon and local. Shallow flowing water.
Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey., brown-fruited rush—BSS 1083; G. J. Pierce 1814 (MICH); RGS 403, 480, 1140. Common. Coastal plain marsh and on lakeshores.
Juncus pylaei Laharpe, Pylaei’s soft rush—RGS 539, 797. Collected from depression in logged forest; likely overlooked elsewhere due to its similarity to J. effusus.
Juncus scirpoides Lam., round-headed rush—BSS 603; M. R. Penskar 1146 (MICH); RGS 670. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie. THREATENED.
Juncus tenuis Willd., path rush—RGS 534, 556, 812, 1260, 1663, 1664. Abundant. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Juncus vaseyi Engelm., Vasey’s rush—A. A. Reznicek 8884 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1986-69 (MICH). Local. Wet-mesic sand prairie. THREATENED.
Luzula acuminata Raf., hairy wood rush—WSM 1056. Rare. Mesic forests.
Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej., common wood rush—E. G. Voss 3735 (MICH). Mixed upland forest near Swan Creek.
JUNCAGINACEAE
Triglochin maritima L., common bog arrow-grass—WSM 1752. Uncommon and local. Miner Lake Bog.
LILIACEAE
Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf., bluebead-lily—WSM 1549. Rare. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Erythronium albidum Nutt., white trout lily—RGS 1549; WSM 1049. Locally common. Floodplain forest.
Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl., yellow trout lily—RGS 938, 951. Locally common. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forests.
Lilium michiganense Farw., Michigan lily—WSM 1193. Occasional. Swamps.
Medeola virginiana L., Indian cucumber-root—RGS 733. Uncommon. Mixed forests and swamps.
*Tulipa gesneriana L., garden tulip—WSM 1545. Rare. Disturbed ground.
MELANTHIACEAE
Aletris farinosa L., colic root—J. M. Lincoln 39 (MICH); RGS 665. Uncommon and local. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Trillium cernuum L., nodding trillium—WSM 1645. Local and uncommon. Mesic forests.
Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb., large white trillium—RGS 1681; WSM 792. Common. Rich forests and hardwood–conifer swamp.
ORCHIDACEAE
Arethusa bulbosa L., dragon’s mouth—K. W. Tan 29 (MSC); P. Van Faasen s.n. (MICH); WSM 1148. Local. Miner Lake Bog.
Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., grass-pink—RGS 1799; WSM 1426. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. var. odontorhiza, fall coral-root—WSM 1321. Rare. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Cypripedium acaule Aiton, pink lady-slipper—RGS 842. Occasional. Bog, hardwood–conifer swamp, and dry-mesic northern forest.
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.) O. W. Knight, large yellow lady-slipper—RGS 769. Uncommon. Wetlands including hardwood–conifer swamp.
Cypripedium reginae Walter, showy lady-slipper—WSM 1422. Local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
*Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, helleborine—RGS 1072, 1670; WSM 872. Widespread and occasional. Disturbed uplands.
Galearis spectabilis (L.) Raf., showy orchis—BSS 3524; P. Van Faasen 3598 (HCHM)†. Rare and local. Moist forests along or near streams. THREATENED.
Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br., downy rattlesnake plantain—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 273 (MICH); I. W. Knobloch s.n. (MICH); RGS 1209, 1780. Uncommon. Moist to dry mixed forests.
Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich., Loesel’s twayblade—RGS 1597. Uncommon. Open wetlands and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. subsp. brachypoda (A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve, white adder’s-mouth—S. Bruggers 71, 267 (HCHM)†; W. P. Stoutamire 5956 (BLH). Rare and local. Mucky pools in hardwood– conifer swamp.
Malaxis unifolia Michx., green adder’s-mouth—S. Bruggers 44 (HCHM)†. Rare. Miner Lake Bog.
Platanthera ×bicolor (Raf.) Luer, fringed orchid—W. P. Stoutamire 4013 (BLH); WSM 1237. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindl., white fringed orchid—W. P. Stoutamire 4014 (BLH); WSM 1235. Locally common. Miner Lake Bog.
Platanthera ciliaris (L.) Lindl., orange fringed orchid—D. Case s.n. (MICH); F. W. & R. B. Case s.n. (MICH); W. P. Stoutamire 4016 (BLH); WSM 1236. Uncommon. Bog. ENDANGERED.
Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer, club-spur orchid—A. A. Reznicek 10142 (MICH); WSM 1482. Uncommon. Swamps, bog, and open wetlands.
Platanthera flava (L.) Lindl. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer, tubercled orchid— RGS 877, 1652; WSM 1249. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp, coastal plain marsh, and wet-mesic forests.
Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don, ragged fringed orchid—W. P. Stoutamire 4012 (BLH). Rare. Miner Lake Bog.
Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindl., purple fringed orchid— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 277 (MICH); G. G. Eickwort 77 (MSC); G. W. Parmelee 1697 (MSC); RGS 1183, 1655, 1718. Uncommon. Wooded and semi-wooded wetlands and seeps.
Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawl., rose pogonia—W. P. Stoutamire 4011 (BLH); WSM 1427. Common. Miner Lake Bog.
Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich., nodding ladies’-tresses—RGS 1256. Uncommon. Swamps, open wetlands, and ditches.
Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb., yellow ladies’-tresses—WSM 1520. Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Spiranthes tuberosa Raf., little ladies’-tresses—A. A. Reznicek 7807, 8879 (MICH); BSS 1740; RGS 1232. Uncommon. Widely scattered in oak– pine barrens, wet-mesic sand prairie, and sandy fields.
POACEAE
*Agrostis canina L., velvet bent—WSM 1836. Rare. Disturbed shore of Ely Lake.
*Agrostis gigantea Roth, redtop—RGS 1067. Widespread and common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., ticklegrass—RGS 931. Common. Wet to dry sandy fields.
Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck., autumn bent—RGS 627, 840, 919, 1211, 1680, 1769. Uncommon. Sandy uplands and drier portions of marshes and swamps.
Agrostis scabra Willd., ticklegrass—RGS 518, 532, 1130, 1629. Common. Sandy openings, prairies, and coastal plain marsh.
*Agrostis stolonifera L., creeping bent—RGS 1405. Rare. Swamp forest.
Andropogon gerardii Vitman, big bluestem—A. O. Haugen 230 (MICH); C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); M. K. Bland s.n. (MICH); RGS 601. Common. Open to shaded, dry to seasonally wet sandy ground.
Andropogon virginicus L., broom-sedge—WSM 931. Common. Sandy fields.
*Anthoxanthum odoratum L., sweet vernal grass—RGS 1359, 1625; WSM 782. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Aristida basiramea Vasey, fork-tipped three-awned grass—RGS 464. Uncommon. Disturbed open sandy ground.
Aristida longespica Poir., three-awned grass—WSM 336. Rare. Sandy fields.
SPECIAL CONCERN.
Aristida purpurascens Poir., three-awned grass—E. G. Voss 8182 (MICH); M. C. Nielsen s.n. (MSC); RGS 463, 589. Common. Dry sandy openings.
*Avena sativa L., oats—M. Chamberland 914 (MSC). Waif on shore of Goose Lake.
Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer, hair grass. WSM 1160. Locally common. Openings in dry-mesic northern forest.
Brachyelytrum aristosum (Michx.) Branner & Coville, northern shorthusk—RGS 1674. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Brachyelytrum erectum (Roth) P. Beauv., long-awned wood grass—RGS 1240; WSM 1198. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Bromus ciliatus L., fringed brome—RGS 1657; WSM 1425. Uncommon. Swamps.
*Bromus commutatus Schrad., hairy chess—WSM 1690. Uncommon. Open fields and forest borders.
*Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. hordeaceus, soft chess—RGS 983, 1013. Uncommon. Compacted sandy/gravelly ground.
*Bromus inermis Leyss., smooth brome—RGS 736, 1103. Abundant. Fields and roadsides.
*Bromus japonicus Murray, Japanese brome—RGS 1174, 1593, 1594, 1615. Common. Disturbed open sandy uplands.
Bromus kalmii A. Gray, prairie brome—T. J. Bassett 5054 (WMU). Rare. Oak–pine barrens in pipeline right-of-way.
Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc., ear-leaved brome—E. G. Voss 8155 (MICH); WSM 1031. Uncommon. Thickets and cutover forests.
Bromus nottowayanus Fernald, satin brome—J. M. Lincoln 112 (MICH); RGS 1765. Uncommon and local. Rich forests.
Bromus pubescens Willd., Canada brome—RGS 173, 746, 1061, 1364. Uncommon. Mixed oak forests.
*Bromus racemosus L., smooth chess—RGS 1012, 1081. Uncommon. Compacted sandy/gravelly ground including roadsides.
*Bromus secalinus L., cheat—RGS 1092. Uncommon. Compacted sandy/gravelly ground.
*Bromus squarrosus L., brome—RGS 1412, 1614. Uncommon. Compacted sandy/gravelly ground.
*Bromus tectorum L., downy chess—RGS 1105, 1379, 1616; WSM 1064. Locally common. Disturbed open uplands.
Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) P. Beauv., blue-joint—RGS 417, 802, 1058. Widespread and locally common. Moist to wet ground.
Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald, sandbur—E. G. Voss 8185 (MICH); RGS 624. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Cinna arundinacea L., wood reedgrass—RGS 1212; WSM 1008. Common. Floodplain forest and swamps.
Coleataenia longifolia (Torr.) Soreng, long-leaved panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 8598, 10963 (MICH); BSS 1286; G. J. Pierce 1439 (MICH); J. M. Lincoln 78, 79 (MICH); WSM 1776. Local. Coastal plain marsh, wetmesic sand prairie, and seasonally wet depressions. THREATENED.
Coleataenia rigidula (Nees) LeBlond, panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 7797, 8600 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8109 (BLH); RGS 486, 559, 1283. Occasional. Coastal plain marsh and disturbed moist sandy ground.
*Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Bermuda grass—WSM 1691. Locally common. Gravelly roadsides.
*Dactylis glomerata L., orchard grass—RGS 735, 984, 1592. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Danthonia compressa Austin, flat oatgrass—RGS 1654, 1793. Rare. Dry open mixed forest.
Danthonia spicata (L.) Roem. & Schult., poverty grass—RGS 1068. Common. Dry sandy open and semi-open habitats.
Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) Brandenburg, beak grass—RGS 1269, 1420. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould, panic grass—J. K. Hiltunen 4276 (WUD); RGS 771. Uncommon. Rich mesic forests and fields.
Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann, panic grass—RGS 512, 748; WSM 585. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest, oak–pine barrens, and disturbed habitats.
Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann var. euchlamydeum (Shinners) Pohl, panic grass—A. O. Haugen 179 (BLH, MICH); E. A. Bessey s.n. (MSC); E. G. Voss 6480 (MICH); RGS 375, 1380, 1612, 1613; WSM 1612, 1669. Occasional. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Dichanthelium commutatum (Schult.) Gould subsp. ashei (G. Pearson ex Ashe) Freckmann & Lelong, panic grass—G. W. Parmelee 1687 (MSC); J. K. Hiltunen 4281 (WUD); RGS 251. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest and disturbed openings.
Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould, panic grass—E. G. Voss 6482 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4149, 4278 (WUD); RGS 252, 505, 1357, 1585, 1586, 1587. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould, panic grass—J. K. Hiltunen 4275, 4282 (WUD); RGS 747, 1060, 1706. Uncommon. Dry to moist forests.
Dichanthelium implicatum (Scribn.) Kerguélen, panic grass—J. K. Hiltunen 4283 (WUD); RGS 1146. Common. Dry to moist openings and sandy shores.
Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Harvill, broad-leaved panic grass—J. K. Hiltunen 4269 (WUD); M. T. Hall & D. J. Hagenah 576 (BLH); RGS 521. Uncommon. Upland forests.
Dichanthelium linearifolium (Britton) Gould, RGS 749. Uncommon. Disturbed dry-mesic northern forest and sandy fields.
Dichanthelium meridionale (Ashe) Freckmann, A. A. Reznicek 8874 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1717 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4271 (WUD); RGS 513, 1382, 1391; WSM 1837. Uncommon. Sandy openings.
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould, panic grass—J. K. Hiltunen 4274 (WUD); RGS 377. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Elliott) Gould, panic grass—BSS 1284; G. J. Pierce 1718 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4279 (WUD); RGS 779. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Dichanthelium spretum (Schult.) Freckmann, panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 7796, 10589 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1404, 1719, 1724, 1809, 1813 (MICH); L. A. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1080, 1148 (MICH); RGS 219, 400, 807. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Digitaria cognata (Schult.) Pilg., fall witch grass—WSM 888. Common. Sandy open ground.
*Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl., smooth crab grass—A. A. Reznicek 8875 (MICH); RGS 1845; WSM 1281. Common. Disturbed sandy ground and oak–pine barrens.
*Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., hairy crab grass—RGS 1239; WSM 858, 923. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv., barnyard grass—RGS 1542; WSM 915, 1241. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand, barnyard grass—RGS 1243, 1244. Uncommon. Shores and streambanks.
Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. muricata, barnyard grass—WSM 1341. Rare. Sand flats along Kalamazoo River.
Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) A. Heller, salt-marsh cockspur grass—RGS 1292, 1483, 1772. Uncommon. Shores of Kalamazoo River and impoundments.
*Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., goose grass—RGS 1109; WSM 864. Uncommon. Disturbed compacted ground.
Elymus canadensis L., Canada wild rye—WSM 1243. Uncommon. Disturbed openings.
Elymus hystrix L., bottlebrush grass—RGS 933. Common. Moist to dry forests.
Elymus macgregorii R. E. Brooks & J. J. N. Campb., wild rye—BSS 3545. Local. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
*Elymus repens (L.) Gould, quack grass—D. L. Allen 83 (MICH); RGS 1377; WSM 1168. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Elymus riparius Wiegand, riverbank wild-rye—BSS 3560. Local. Shaded roadside.
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould subsp. trachycaulus, slender wheatgrass—RGS 410, 641, 1123, 1173. Common. Dry to moist forests and openings.
Elymus villosus Willd., silky wild-rye—RGS 1114. Frequent. Forests, thickets, and borders.
Elymus virginicus L., Virginia wild-rye—E. G. Voss 8164 (MICH); RGS 935; WSM 962. Common. Floodplain forest and swamps.
*Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch., stink grass—WSM 853, 865. Uncommon. Agricultural fields.
Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., creeping love grass— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 1245. Uncommon. Open sandy streambanks.
*Eragrostis minor Host, low love grass—RGS 1079. Uncommon. Parking lots, driveways, roadsides.
Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees, love grass—RGS 428, 582, 1110, 1273. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud., purple love grass—E. G. Voss 8183 (MICH); WSM 890, 1302. Common. Sandy open ground.
*Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) Alph. Wood, large purple love grass—WSM 1536. Rare. Fields.
*Festuca myuros L., rat-tail fescue—RGS 1378. Rare. Parking areas.
Festuca octoflora Walter, six-weeks fescue—RGS 526, 1371, 1661. Common. Disturbed sandy openings.
*Festuca rubra L., red fescue—RGS 1053, 1627, 1628. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev, nodding fescue—RGS 744, 1027, 1668. Common. Rich mesic forests.
*Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina, sheep fescue—RGS 1582; WSM 1437. Common. Sandy fields and oak–pine barrens.
Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batch., northern manna grass—A. A. Reznicek 10136 (MICH); RGS 614. Rare and local. Shallow water in wetlands.
Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin., rattlesnake grass—RGS 511. Uncommon. Shallow ponds.
Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc., floating manna grass—RGS 1842. Rare. Shaded ditch.
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc., fowl manna grass—RGS 755, 1595. Common. Swamps, floodplains, wet ditches, shores.
*Holcus lanatus L., velvet grass—A. A. Reznicek 6711 (MICH); P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); WSM 1488. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Hordeum vulgare L., barley—WSM 1689. Rare. Fields.
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult., June grass—D. L. Allen 85 (MICH); E. G. Voss 6474 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4143, 4270 (WUD); M. C. Nielsen s.n. (MSC); M. T. Hall & D. J. Hagenah 575 (BLH); RGS 408, 1373. Common. Oak–pine barrens and open sandy ground.
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw., cut grass— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1184. Common. Wetlands.
Leersia virginica Willd., white grass— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 571. Common. Wetlands.
*Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh., tall fescue—RGS 985, 1052; WSM 1117. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Lolium perenne L. var. perenne, ryegrass—C. W. Bazuin 1160 (MSC); RGS 1040, 1049, 1051. Uncommon. Parking lots and roadsides.
*Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh., meadow fescue—RGS 1026. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Milium effusum L., wood millet—RGS 725, 1786. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
*Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Franch., eulalia—WSM 1618. Rare. Wet ditch.
Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald, common satin grass—E. G. Voss 8160 (MICH); RGS 468, 1208, 1543. Uncommon. Forests and disturbed habitats.
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin., marsh wild-timothy—A. A. Reznicek 8880 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8504 (MSC); RGS 1266; WSM 1298. Uncommon. Open wetlands.
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin., leafy satin grass—RGS 875. Common. Moist partially shaded ground.
Muhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel., nimblewill—RGS 1443. Common. Disturbed shaded ground.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr., woodland satin grass—RGS 1768, 2458; WSM 1289. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., slender satin grass—RGS 1831; WSM 1266. Uncommon. Forested bluffs above Kalamazoo River.
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx., rough-leaved rice-grass—RGS 954. Rare. Wooded slope.
Panicum capillare L., witch grass—RGS 1847; WSM 850. Uncommon. Disturbed ground in fields and along trails and roads.
Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx., panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 8601 (MICH); WSM 905. Common. Shores and disturbed moist ground.
Panicum gattingeri Nash, panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 11048 (MICH); WSM 1790. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh.
Panicum tuckermanii Fernald, Tuckerman panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 11047, 11049 (MICH); RGS 1290, 1487. Uncommon. Kalamazoo River floodplain, coastal plain marsh, and receding shores.
Panicum verrucosum Muhl., warty panic grass—A. A. Reznicek 10957, 10965 (MICH); RGS 1830. Local. Coastal plain marsh. THREATENED.
Panicum virgatum L., switch grass—RGS 610, 844, 1153. Common. Open habitats and roadsides.
Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum (Nash) D. J. Banks, hairy lens grass—RGS 1491; WSM 716. Uncommon. Bare sandy ground.
Patis racemosa (Sm.) Romasch., P.M. Peterson & Soreng, rice-grass—RGS 1763, 1773; WSM 1461. Local. Mesic forest on slopes above Kalamazoo River.
Phalaris arundinacea L., reed canary grass—RGS 1384, 1599. Common and locally abundant. Wetlands and other damp habitats. In part a native element in Michigan, but also represented by widespread and invasive Eurasian races (Michigan Flora Online 2011), with the ASGA populations likely being the latter.
*Phleum pratense L., timothy—RGS 737, 1132. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. subsp. americanus Saltonst., P. M. Peterson & Soreng, reed— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); WSM 1327. Locally common. Open wetlands.
*Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. subsp. australis, reed—RGS 1227; WSM 1016. Locally abundant. Moist ditches, open wetlands, and shores.
Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi, black oatgrass—E. G. Voss 6486 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4280 (WUD); M. T. Hall & D. J. Hagenah 578 (BLH); RGS 363. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest and oak–pine barrens.
Poa alsodes A. Gray, bluegrass—RGS 972, 995, 1579, 1590; WSM 804. Common. Floodplain forest, mesic forests, and swamp borders.
*Poa annua L., annual bluegrass—RGS 971; WSM 768. Common. Disturbed compacted ground.
*Poa compressa L., Canada bluegrass—RGS 1137; WSM 943. Locally abundant. Fields, forests, and roadsides.
Poa paludigena Fernald & Wiegand, bog bluegrass—RGS 753, 1608, 1787. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp and seeps. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Poa palustris L., fowl meadow grass—RGS 1385, 1708. Uncommon. Shores, swamps, and seeps.
*Poa pratensis L. subsp. angustifolia (L.) Lej., Kentucky bluegrass—RGS 584, 974, 979, 1396, 1626. Common. Ubiquitous.
*Poa pratensis L. subsp. pratensis, Kentucky bluegrass—RGS 970, 1009, 1076. Common. Ubiquitous.
*Poa trivialis L., bluegrass—A. A. Reznicek 12427 (MICH); RGS 1622. Uncommon. Roads and trails.
Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen, false melic—RGS 583, 706; T. J. Bassett 5038 (WMU). Uncommon. Dry and moist forests.
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, little bluestem—RGS 430, 445, 621, 1233. Common. Oak–pine barrens, fields, and roadsides.
*Secale cereale L., rye—RGS 1042, 1095, 1100. Uncommon. Compacted gravelly ground and roadsides.
*Setaria faberi Herrm., giant foxtail—RGS 469, 1538. Common. Disturbed open ground and roadsides.
*Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult., yellow foxtail—WSM 851. Locally common. Disturbed open ground.
*Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. var. major (Gaudin) Peterm., green foxtail— WSM 1325, 1530. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. var. viridis, green foxtail—WSM 952. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, Indian grass—G. W. Parmelee 1160 (MSC); RGS 600. Common. Wet-mesic sand prairie, oak–pine barrens, fields, and roadsides.
*Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. subsp. drummondii (Steud.) De Wet & Harlan, sorghum—RGS 1276. Rare. Disturbed opening.
*Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson grass—WSM 1613. Rare. Roadsides.
Spartina pectinata Link, cordgrass—RGS 667. Locally common. Wet-mesic sand prairie and borders of coastal plain marsh.
Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb., slender wedgegrass—BSS 3511. Occasional. Moist forests.
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc., rough rush-grass—A. A. Reznicek 10148 (MICH); RGS 897, 1827, 1834; WSM 377, 887, 985. Locally abundant. Oak–pine barrens, sandy fields, and roadsides. ENDANGERED.
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray, sand dropseed—RGS 1258; WSM 886. Uncommon. Sandy fields and roadsides.
Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray, prairie dropseed—M. R. Penskar 1154 (MICH); WSM 1735. Local. Wet-mesic sand prairie. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Sporobolus vaginiflorus (A. Gray) Alph. Wood, sheathed rush grass—WSM 1537. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) G. L. Church, pale false mannagrass—RGS 1032. Rare. Pool in southern hardwood swamp.
Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc., purpletop—RGS 873, 1504. Common. Borders and roadsides.
*Triticum aestivum L., wheat—RGS 1682. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Zea mays L., maize—WSM 1344. Rare. Several small stalks in tornado-damaged forest.
Zizania aquatica L., southern wild-rice—RGS 1742. Rare and local. Shallow, spring-fed backwater of Kalamazoo River. THREATENED.
Zizania palustris L. subsp. palustris, northern wild-rice—RGS 1477. Rare. Uppermost portion of Swan Creek Pond.
PONTEDERIACEAE
Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacMill., water star-grass—RGS 1197, 1205, 1282. Common. Shallow water of lakes, ponds, and Kalamazoo River.
Pontederia cordata L., pickerel-weed—D. C. Chandler 141, 177 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); E. L. Cheatum 158 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer s.n. (MSC); RGS 414, 1142; W. P. Stoutamire 5954 (BLH). Locally common. Lakeshores and bayous.
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton amplifolius Tuck., large-leaved pondweed—D. C. Chandler 167 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 32, 37 (MICH); W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC). Uncommon. Shallow lakes.
Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber, pondweed—RGS 1488; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC). Rare. Shallow lakes and Kalamazoo River.
Potamogeton bicupulatus Fernald, waterthread pondweed—A. A. Reznicek 7644, 8346, 8595, 8883 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1989-49, 1989-66 (MICH); D. C. Chandler 153 (MICH); E. L. Cheatum 159 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 12 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1149 (MICH); RGS 488, 1218; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC); W. W. Brodovich & M. R. Penskar s.n. (MICH). Locally common. Shallow lakes and coastal plain marsh. THREATENED.
*Potamogeton crispus L., pondweed—RGS 1166, 1195. Common. Ponds and quiet waters in Kalamazoo River.
Potamogeton epihydrus Raf., ribbon-leaved pondweed—RGS 1473, 1475, 1480. Uncommon. Crooked Lake and Swan Creek Pond.
Potamogeton foliosus Raf., leafy pondweed—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); F. W. Stuewer 27 (MICH); RGS 1417, 1481. Common. Crooked Lake and Pine Creek Pond.
Potamogeton friesii Rupr., Fries’s pondweed—RGS 1478. Uncommon. Swan Creek Pond.
Potamogeton gramineus L., pondweed—A. A. Reznicek 8648 (MICH); D. C. Chandler 173 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 2462; WSM 1486. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and shallow lakes.
Potamogeton illinoensis Morong, Illinois pondweed—RGS 1163, 1844. Common. Shallow lakes.
Potamogeton natans L., pondweed—F. W. Stuewer 31 (MICH); RGS 907, 1476. Common. Shallow lakes and ponds.
Potamogeton nodosus Poir., pondweed—D. L. Allen s.n., two specimens (MSC); F. W. Stuewer 8, 21 (MICH); RGS 904, 1164, 1165, 1302, 1665; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC). Common. Shallow lakes and Kalamazoo River. Potamogeton oakesianus J. W. Robbins, pondweed—A. A. Reznicek 8347 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); E. L. Cheatum 170 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 13, 14 (MICH); RGS 1217; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC). Uncommon. Crooked, Ely, and Little Tom lakes.
Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes, pondweed—F. W. Stuewer 18 (MICH). Crooked Lake.
Potamogeton zosteriformis Fernald, flat-stemmed pondweed—F. W. Stuewer 20 (MICH); RGS 1416, 1471; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC). Common. Shallow lakes and Kalamazoo River.
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner, sago pondweed—RGS 1196, 1300, 1418, 1495, 1506, 1826, 1837; WSM 1350. Abundant. Lakes, ponds, ditches, and Kalamazoo River.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Scheuchzeria palustris L., arrow-grass—A. A. Reznicek 10143 (MICH); WSM 1154. Locally common. Miner Lake Bog.
SMILACACEAE
Smilax hispida Raf., bristly greenbrier—RGS 996; WSM 1024. Occasional. Forests.
Smilax illinoensis Mangaly, carrion-flower—WSM 812. Uncommon. Floodplain forest along Bear Creek.
Smilax lasioneura Hook., carrion-flower—WSM 1264. Uncommon. Forests.
Smilax rotundifolia L., common greenbrier—G. W. Parmelee 1143, 1669 (MSC); WSM 1038. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest. TRILLIACEAE – see MELANTHIACEAE
TYPHACEAE
Sparganium americanum Nutt., American bur-reed—F. W. Stuewer 25 (MICH); RGS 616, 775, 1236, 1497. Common. Open wetlands and shallow water.
Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong, bur-reed—BSS 3554; WSM 1799. Local. Coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Sparganium emersum Rehm., green-fruited bur-reed—A. A. Reznicek 12619 (MICH). Local. Coastal plain marsh.
Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm., common bur-reed—D. L. Allen s.n., two specimens (MSC); F. W. Stuewer 268 (MICH); RGS 1194; WSM 1251. Uncommon. Lakeshores and Kalamazoo River.
*Typha angustifolia L., narrow-leaved cat-tail—WSM 1342. Locally common. Ditches.
Typha latifolia L., broad-leaved cat-tail—RGS 1159. Abundant. Open wetlands, shores, and ditches.
XYRIDACEAE
Xyris difformis Chapm., yellow-eyed-grass—C. W. Bazuin 9626 (MSC); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8178, 9143 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1390, 2423 (MICH); RGS 402. Common. Sandy shores of Crooked, Ely, and Perch lakes.
Xyris torta Sm., yellow-eyed-grass—WSM 1477. Rare. Shrubby margin of Goose Lake.
CERATOPHYLLALES
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum demersum L., coontail—RGS 1496; W. G. Erwin s.n. (MSC); WSM 1454. Abundant. Lakes, ponds, streams, and Kalamazoo River.
Ceratophyllum echinatum A. Gray, spiny hornwort—RGS 1271. Rare. Quiet water in Swan Creek.
EUDICOTS
ADOXACEAE
Sambucus canadensis L., common elder—RGS 1539; WSM 928, 996. Common. Wetlands and ditches.
Sambucus racemosa L., red-berried elder—WSM 1053. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Viburnum acerifolium L., maple-leaved viburnum—RGS 732. Common. Forests.
Viburnum dentatum L., arrowwood—RGS 988. Common. Wetlands.
Viburnum lentago L., nannyberry—RGS 1001. Common. Wetlands.
*Viburnum opulus L., European highbush-cranberry—WSM 1011. Rare. Escape in wooded habitats.
Viburnum trilobum Marshall, American highbush-cranberry—WSM 1090. Occasional. Hardwood–conifer swamp and wetland borders.
AMARANTHACEAE
*Amaranthus albus L., tumbleweed—WSM 1507. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Amaranthus hybridus L., green amaranth—WSM 1730. Rare. Disturbed fallow fields.
*Amaranthus powellii S. Watson, tall amaranth—WSM 906. Uncommon. Agricultural fields.
*Amaranthus retroflexus L., rough amaranth—RGS 1277, 1851; WSM 841. Uncommon. Fields and disturbed ground.
Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer, water-hemp—RGS 1096, 1445, 1460, 1832, 1850, 1855; WSM 1340. Locally common. Moist open ground and along Kalamazoo River.
*Amaranthus viridis L., amaranth—RGS 1852. Rare. Disturbed fallow fields.
*Chenopodium album L., lambs-quarters—RGS 1493, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1544, 1545, 1853, 1866; WSM 840. Abundant. Disturbed open habitats.
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq var. zschackei (Murr) Graebn., pitseed goosefoot—RGS 1505, 1546. Uncommon. Roadsides and recently logged forest.
Chenopodium simplex Raf., maple-leaved goosefoot—WSM 1343. Rare. Tornado-damaged forest.
*Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J. M. Coult., winged pigweed—RGS 1111; WSM 920. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
*Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants, clammy goosefoot—WSM 1742. Rare. Kalamazoo River floodplain.
ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus copallina L., shining sumac—J. R. Wells 3949 (BLH); RGS 602. Uncommon. Sandy fields, oak–pine barrens, and roadsides.
Rhus glabra L., smooth sumac—WSM 873. Rare. Border of oak forest.
Rhus typhina L., staghorn sumac— A. O. Haugen 227 (MICH); RGS 829. Common. Dry open areas.
Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, poison-ivy—WSM 1226. Widespread. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze, poison sumac—RGS 918; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 12353 (MSC). Frequent. Miner Lake Bog, hardwood–conifer swamp, and swampy floodplains.
APIACEAE
*Aegopodium podagraria L., goutweed—WSM 1706. Rare and local. Disturbed open mesic forest.
Angelica atropurpurea L., purplestem angelica—RGS 722. Uncommon. Wet thickets and openings along streams.
*Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm., false chervil—A. A. Reznicek 12435 (MICH); WSM 1663. Uncommon. Fields and borders.
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville, water-parsnip— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1188, 1408, 1751; WSM 718. Locally common. Spring runs and seeps in hardwood–conifer swamp. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz, wild-chervil—WSM 1546. Local. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Cicuta bulbifera L., water hemlock—RGS 905. Uncommon. Wetlands and shores.
Cicuta maculata L., water hemlock—G. C. Eickwort 76 (MSC); RGS 1116; WSM 987. Uncommon. Floodplains.
Conioselinum chinense (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., hemlock-parsley— RGS 1712; WSM 720. Local. Seeps and hardwood–conifer swamp. SPECIAL CONCERN.
*Conium maculatum L., poison-hemlock—RGS 1043; WSM 1144. Uncommon. Roadsides and ditches.
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC., honewort—F. W. Stuewer 256 (MICH); RGS 742. Uncommon. Swamps.
*Daucus carota L., Queen-Anne’s-lace—WSM 835. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt., harbinger-of-spring—RGS 1319. Rare. Terraces in floodplain forest.
Heracleum maximum Bartram, cow-parsnip—RGS 1248. Uncommon. Floodplains.
Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C. B. Clarke, hairy sweet-cicely—RGS 726. Common. Forests.
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC., smooth sweet-cicely—WSM 807. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf., cowbane—WSM 1285. Occasional. Swamps and seeps.
*Pastinaca sativa L., wild parsnip—WSM 1431. Locally common. Fields.
Sanicula canadensis L., black snakeroot— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 622; WSM 1573, 1680. Occasional. Forests and swamps.
Sanicula marilandica L., black snakeroot—BSS 3543. Rare and local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe, black snakeroot—RGS 743, 997. Common. Moist forests.
Sium suave Walter, water-parsnip— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1205. Uncommon. Swamp forests.
Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude, yellow-pimpernel— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1260. Uncommon. Dry open forests.
*Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC., hedge-parsley—RGS 1177, 1421, 1693; WSM 861. Common. Disturbed open areas.
Zizia aurea (L.) W. D. J. Koch, golden Alexanders—WSM 1265. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
APOCYNACEAE
Apocynum androsaemifolium L., spreading dogbane—A. O. Haugen 215 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 9766 (MICH); RGS 750; R. W. Pippen 520 (WMU). Uncommon. Fields and borders.
Apocynum cannabinum L. var. cannabinum, indian-hemp—WSM 1172. Occasional. Fields and borders.
Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm., clasping milkweed—RGS 1374. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Asclepias exaltata L., poke milkweed—E. G. Voss 9139 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 272 (MICH); J. Wenger s.n. (WMU); RGS 418. Common. Upland forests.
Asclepias incarnata L., swamp milkweed—RGS 1119. Uncommon. Wetlands and ditches.
Asclepias purpurascens L., purple milkweed—BSS 3553. Rare. Oak–pine barrens, wet-mesic sand prairie, and ecotones. THREATENED.
Asclepias syriaca L., common milkweed—RGS 1062. Common. Fields and roadsides.
Asclepias tuberosa L., butterfly-weed. A. O. Haugen 197 (MICH); E. G. Voss 7225 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4273 (WUD); R. W. & J. R. Matthews 125 (MSC); RGS 626. Common. Dry sandy ground.
Asclepias verticillata L., whorled milkweed—C. W. Bazuin s.n. (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1163 (MSC); M. C. Nielsen s.n. (MSC); RGS 292; W. D. Stevens 999 (MSC). Common. Oak–pine barrens and roadsides.
Asclepias viridiflora Raf., green milkweed—J. M. Lincoln 91 (MICH); RGS 1381. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
*Vinca major L., greater periwinkle—WSM 1495. Uncommon and local. Disturbed forest.
*Vinca minor L., periwinkle—RGS 937; WSM 766. Uncommon. Forests.
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex mucronata (L.) M. Powell, V. Savolainen & S. Andrews, mountain holly—WSM 1159. Rare. Miner Lake Bog.
*Ilex opaca Aiton, American holly—WSM 1048. Rare. Border of successional forest.
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray, Michigan holly—C. W. Bazuin 9619 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1819 (MICH); RGS 479, 767. Occasional. Wetlands and shores.
ARALIACEAE
Aralia hispida Vent., bristly sarsaparilla—C. W. Bazuin 8869 (MSC)†. Collected in 1952 from the sandy shore of Crooked Lake.
Aralia nudicaulis L., wild sarsaparilla—RGS 1200, 1607; WSM 1132. Locally common. Oak forests and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Aralia racemosa L., spikenard—RGS 1459; WSM 1440. Uncommon and local. Wooded slopes and streambanks.
*Hedera helix L., English ivy—WSM 1634. Rare. Disturbed open upland.
Hydrocotyle americana L., water-pennywort—RGS 1753. Rare and local. Seep along Swan Creek.
Hydrocotyle umbellata L., water-pennywort—E. G. Voss 9142 (MICH). Sandy-mucky shore of Perch Lake.
Panax quinquefolius L., ginseng—WSM 1080, 1688. Local. Rich forests.
THREATENED.
Panax trifolius L., dwarf ginseng—RGS 947, 956. Common. Wet-mesic forests and wooded banks along Bear Creek.
ASTERACEAE
Achillea millefolium L., common yarrow—WSM 1179. Abundant. Fields.
Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob., white snakeroot—C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); E. G. Voss 8156 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 276 (MICH); RGS 1168. Common. Rich forests, thickets, and disturbed moist ground.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., common ragweed—RGS 852. Abundant. Disturbed uplands.
*Ambrosia psilostachya DC., western ragweed—L. A. Kenoyer s.n. (WMU); WSM 1291. Locally common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Ambrosia trifida L., giant ragweed—WSM 883. Uncommon. Moist fields and forest borders.
Antennaria howellii Greene subsp. neodioica (Greene) Bayer, small pussytoes—RGS 245, 1346. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Antennaria parlinii Fernald subsp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins, smooth pussytoes—WSM 1354. Occasional. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Antennaria parlinii Fernald subsp. parlinii, smooth pussytoes—RGS 944; R. McVaugh 11255 (BLH, MICH, WUD); WSM 757. Common. Forests and wooded banks.
*Anthemis arvensis L., corn chamomile—RGS 1080; WSM 1670. Local. Gravel parking lots and drives.
*Arctium minus Bernh., common burdock—WSM 916. Common. Fields, streambanks, and roadsides.
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Rob., pale Indian plantain— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1458 (WMU); P. Searles 94a (WMU); RGS 1201; WSM 1201. Uncommon and local. Forest clearings and roadsides.
Artemisia campestris L., wild wormwood—A. O. Haugen 48, 235 (MICH); E. G. Voss 8189 (MICH); RGS 459. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
*Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana, western mugwort—RGS 1274. Uncommon. Dry sandy ground in pipeline corridor.
*Artemisia vulgaris L., mugwort—RGS 1864; WSM 1013. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Bidens cernua L., nodding bur-marigold—F. W. Stuewer 279 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 422 (WMU); RGS 898. Common. Shores and wet ground.
Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand, swamp tickseed—WSM 1337. Uncommon. Mud flats along Kalamazoo River.
Bidens connata Muhl., purple-stemmed tickseed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 484. Uncommon. Shores.
Bidens frondosa L., common beggar-ticks—RGS 620; WSM 1778. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Bidens trichosperma Britton, tickseed-sunflower—E. G. Voss 9140 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1727a (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 418 (WMU); RGS 478. Uncommon. Wetlands and shores.
Bidens vulgata Greene, tall beggar-ticks—WSM 1294. Rare. Disturbed margin of coastal plain marsh.
Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners, false boneset—RGS 1828; WSM 1487. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and forest borders. SPECIAL CONCERN.
*Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek, spotted knapweed— RGS 446, 1764. Abundant. Disturbed open areas.
*Chondrilla juncea L., skeleton-weed—WSM 1222. Uncommon. Clearings and borders.
*Cichorium intybus L., chicory—RGS 1436; WSM 921. Common. Disturbed compacted ground including parking lots and roadsides.
*Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Canada thistle—RGS 850. Uncommon. Wet fields, ditches, and coastal plain marsh.
Cirsium muticum Michx., swamp thistle—WSM 1246. Common. Hardwood– conifer swamp.
*Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten., bull thistle—WSM 1015. Occasional. Fields, ditches, and roadsides.
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., horseweed—RGS 424. Common. Disturbed ground in a variety of habitats.
Coreopsis lanceolata L., sand coreopsis—A. O. Haugen 184 (MICH); E. G. Voss 6477 (MICH); J. R. Wells & P. W. Thompson 3947 (BLH); L. H. Bailey, Jr. s.n. (BH); RGS 376; R. W. Pippen 535 (WMU). Common. Oak–pine barrens, sandy fields, and roadsides.
Coreopsis tripteris L., tall coreopsis—J. M. Lincoln 40 (MICH); RGS 672. Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
*Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr., hawk’s beard—A. A. Reznicek 12417 (MICH); RGS 1535; WSM 1218. Uncommon. Fields, disturbed open ground, and roadsides.
*Crepis tectorum L., hawk’s beard—WSM 586, 1366. Uncommon. Fields and ditches.
Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees, flat-topped white aster—RGS 868. Common. Wetland borders.
Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf., fireweed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 889. Common. Disturbed open habitats and receding shores.
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., daisy fleabane—RGS 652, 1047. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Erigeron philadelphicus L., common fleabane—D. A. Lukins 10 (ALMA); WSM 1107. Uncommon. Fields and disturbed forests.
Erigeron strigosus Willd., daisy fleabane—A. O. Haugen 198, 216 (MICH); RGS 799; R. W. Pippen 519 (WMU). Common. Disturbed sandy ground.
Eupatorium perfoliatum L., boneset— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 7870 (CU); RGS 849, 1755. Common. Wetlands and wet ground. Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass., large-leaved aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 642. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Porter & Britton, slender goldentop—A. A. Reznicek 9210 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 4994 (WUD), 7875 (BLH), 7875a (MSC), 9625 (MSC); E. G. Voss 8167, 8180 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1399, 1442, 1453, 1723, 2512a, 2515, 2520 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 406, 435 (WMU); RGS 1222; S. R. Crispin 589 (MSC); W. P. Stoutamire 5952 (BLH). Common. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt., grass-leaved goldenrod—WSM 845. Common. Wet fields and wetland borders.
Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E. E. Lamont, hollow-stemmed Joe-pyeweed—B. S. Walters 9011 (MICH); WSM 1469. Uncommon. Wet ground along roads. THREATENED.
Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E. E. Lamont var. maculatum, Joe-pye-weed— C. W. Bazuin 7869 (CU); P. Searles 89 (WMU); RGS 882, 883, 1848. Common. Wetlands and ditches.
Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E. E. Lamont, green-stemmed Joe-pye-weed— RGS 1186; WSM 1225. Locally common. Floodplain forest.
*Galinsoga parviflora Cav., quickweed—WSM 885. Local. Roadsides.
Helenium autumnale L., sneezeweed—RGS 1710. Rare. Near seeps in Kalamazoo River floodplain.
*Helenium flexuosum Raf., sneezeweed—WSM 1779. Locally common. Disturbed moist ground in forest opening.
*Helianthus annuus L., common sunflower—WSM 1728. Uncommon. Agricultural field borders and ditches.
Helianthus decapetalus L., thin-leaved sunflower— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1469. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Helianthus divaricatus L., woodland sunflower—A. O. Haugen 220 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 5000 (BLH); RGS 407. Abundant. Oak forests and borders, oak–pine barrens, and roadsides.
Helianthus giganteus L., tall sunflower— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 869, 1262. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Helianthus hirsutus Raf., hairy sunflower—J. M. Lincoln 59 (MICH); WSM 1497. Uncommon. Linear clearcut in oak forest near Swan Creek Marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Helianthus occidentalis Riddell, western sunflower—G. W. Parmelee 1162 (MSC); RGS 588. Locally common. Oak–pine barrens and other sandy openings.
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt., stiff sunflower—WSM 935. Local. Disturbed sandy forest.
Helianthus strumosus L., pale-leaved sunflower—RGS 1202; WSM 860. Uncommon. Roadsides.
Helianthus tuberosus L., Jerusalem-artichoke—WSM 953. Uncommon. Wetland borders.
*Hieracium aurantiacum L., orange hawkweed—RGS 1610; WSM 1239. Uncommon. Fields and disturbed ground.
*Hieracium caespitosum Dumort., king devil—RGS 1344. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. × H. flagellare Willd., hawkweed—RGS 1045, 1069; WSM 1098, 1383. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Hieracium flagellare Willd. × H. piloselloides Vill., hawkweed—RGS 374, 1134. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Hieracium gronovii L., hairy hawkweed—RGS 1223; WSM 1263. Uncommon. Sandy openings.
Hieracium longipilum Torr., long-bearded hawkweed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); J. G. Bruce 2429 (MICH); WSM 1301. Uncommon. Sandy openings.
Hieracium paniculatum L., panicled hawkweed—RGS 1267, 1704; WSM 729, 1259, 1283, 1360. Locally common. Disturbed open oak forests. THREATENED.
Hieracium scabrum Michx., rough hawkweed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 841. Uncommon. Sandy openings.
Hieracium venosum L., rattlesnake-weed—A. O. Haugen 181 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8878 (MSC); RGS 1369. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest and oak–pine barrens.
*Hypochaeris radicata L., cat’s-ear—RGS 1050, 1310, 1393, 1394, 1467, 1537, 1675, 1835. Locally common. Disturbed open ground.
Krigia biflora (Walter) S. F. Blake, false dandelion—F. W. Stuewer 251 (MICH); RGS 1400. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and moist fields.
Krigia virginica (L.) Willd., dwarf dandelion—E. G. Voss 7227 (MICH); RGS 507, 514, 1106, 1372. Common. Oak–pine barrens and disturbed sandy ground.
Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald, tall blue lettuce—RGS 1444. Uncommon. Forest borders and roadsides.
Lactuca canadensis L., wild lettuce— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1129. Uncommon. Forest borders and roadsides.
Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn., woodland lettuce—WSM 1598, 1725. Uncommon and local. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River. THREATENED.
*Lactuca serriola L., prickly lettuce—WSM 909. Uncommon. Disturbed uplands.
*Lapsana communis L., nipplewort—RGS 1055. Uncommon. Forest borders and disturbed ground.
*Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., ox-eye daisy—F. W. Stuewer 274 (MICH); WSM 1129. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Liatris aspera Michx., rough blazing-star—A. O. Haugen 226 (MICH); C. Billington s.n. (WMU); C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8190 (MICH); M. Fischer s.n. (MSC); P. Searles 92 (WMU); RGS 586. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Liatris cylindracea Michx., cylindrical blazing-star—A. O. Haugen 4, 228 (MICH); C. Billington s.n. (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8508 (MICH); G. G. Eickwort 88 (MSC); G. W. Parmelee 1668 (MSC); I. W. Knobloch s.n. (MSC); P. Searles 91 (WMU); RGS 406. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. var. nieuwlandii (Lunell) E. G. Voss, northern blazing-star—WSM 869. Uncommon. Sandy forest border.
Liatris spicata (L.) Willd., marsh blazing-star—RGS 655; WSM 1466 (f. albiflora Britton). Locally abundant. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
*Matricaria discoidea DC., pineapple-weed—WSM 1673. Locally common. Disturbed open ground.
Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, golden ragwort—RGS 680. Common. Wetlands.
*Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey, butterweed—BSS 3525. Local. Disturbed ground in Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area.
Packera paupercula Michx. var. pseudotomentosa (Mackenzie & Bush) R. R. Kowal, northern ragwort—E. G. Voss 6491 (MICH); J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); P. Van Faasen 600 (MSC); WSM 1113. Locally common. Oak– pine barrens and open sandy ground.
Polymnia canadensis L., leaf-cup—BSS 3534. Local. Disturbed forest and forest borders, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area.
Prenanthes alba L., white lettuce—RGS 628. Rare. Moist forests.
Prenanthes altissima L., tall white lettuce—WSM 867. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Pseudognaphalium macounii (Greene) Kartesz, clammy cudweed—WSM 1496. Rare. Oak–pine barrens and disturbed open ground.
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt, fragrant cudweed— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); E. G. Voss 8191 (MICH); RGS 425, 555. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton var. sullivantii (C. L. Boynton & Beadle) Cronquist, showy coneflower—WSM 1355. Rare and local. Shaded seeps.
Rudbeckia hirta L., black-eyed-Susan—A. O. Haugen 210 (MICH); WSM 1186. Common. Open ground.
Rudbeckia laciniata L., tall coneflower—E. G. Voss 8166 (MICH); RGS 1169. Uncommon. Wetlands.
*Senecio vulgaris L., common groundsel—WSM 1638. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Smallanthus uvedalia (L.) Mack., large-flowered leafcup—BSS 3547, 3552. Local. Disturbed forest and forest borders, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area; a few plants also observed along a wooded roadside. THREATENED.
Solidago altissima L., tall goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 867, 1263; WSM 1326. Common. Fields, forest borders, and roadsides.
Solidago caesia L., bluestem goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8158 (MICH); RGS 434, 908. Uncommon. Forests, thickets, and borders.
Solidago canadensis L., Canada goldenrod—WSM 1595. Uncommon. Fields, forest borders, and roadsides.
Solidago flexicaulis L., zigzag goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1737. Uncommon. Forested streambanks.
Solidago gigantea Aiton, late goldenrod—A. O. Haugen 229 (MICH); C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 866. Uncommon. Fields, thickets, and forest borders.
Solidago hispida Willd., hairy goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1324. Uncommon. Sandy openings.
Solidago jejunifolia Steele, showy goldenrod—C. W. Bazuin 5001 (BLH, WUD); E. G. Voss 8187 (MICH); P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); T. L. Mel- lichamp 2428 (MICH); WSM 1764. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields. [Solidago jejunifolia and S. rigidiuscula were recently split from S. speciosa. The specimens are in the process of being reassigned, and C. W. Bazuin 5001 has not yet been placed but is included here for convenience.]
Solidago juncea Aiton, early goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 8511 (MSC); RGS 826. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Solidago nemoralis Aiton, gray goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8186 (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1150 (MSC); RGS 448. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Solidago patula Muhl., swamp goldenrod— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 911, 1215. Common. Wetlands.
Solidago ptarmicoides (Torr. & A. Gray) B. Boivin, upland white goldenrod—J. M. Lincoln 74 (MICH); WSM 1465. Locally common. Wetmesic sand prairie.
Solidago rigidiuscula (Torr. & A. Gray) Porter, stiff leaved showy goldenrod—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 5001 (BLH, WUD); WSM 1347. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields. See comments under S. jejunifolia.
Solidago rugosa Mill., rough-leaved goldenrod—J. M. Lincoln 38 (MICH); RGS 880, 1309. Common. Wetlands.
Solidago uliginosa Nutt., bog goldenrod—WSM 1299. Uncommon. Bogs.
Solidago ulmifolia Willd., elm-leaved goldenrod—WSM 1261. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
*Sonchus arvensis L. subsp. uliginosus (M. Bieb) Nyman, field sow-thistle— RGS 1156; WSM 874. Common. Fields and roadsides.
*Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, prickly sow-thistle—RGS 1540. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Symphyotrichum boreale (Torr. & A. Gray) Á. Löve & D. Löve, northern bog aster—WSM 1180. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G. L. Nesom, heart-leaved aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1508. Uncommon. Upland forests.
Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G. L. Nesom, bushy aster—E. G. Voss 8172 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 436 (WMU); RGS 451, 631; WSM 1525; W. W. Brodovich & M. R. Penskar s.n. (MICH). Common. Coastal plain marsh, swamp borders, and disturbed sandy ground.
Symphyotrichum firmum (Nees) G. L. Nesom, smooth swamp aster—RGS 910. Uncommon. Open and semi-shaded wetlands.
Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) G. L. Nesom, smooth aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 970. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and upland forests.
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom, panicled aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); C. W. Bazuin s.n. (BLH); RGS 653, 872; WSM 974. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats. Five varieties have been named, all of which occur in Michigan. Four of these appear to be represented at Allegan State Game Area—var. hirsuticaule Semple & Chmiel. (RGS 872); var. interior (Wiegand) Semple & Chmiel. (RGS 653); var. lanceolatum (C. H. Kauffman s.n.); and var. latifolium (Semple & Chmiel.) G. L. Nesom (WSM 974) (A. A. Reznicek, pers. comm.). The significance of these named varieties is unclear so they are not listed or enumerated as separate entities in this paper.
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, calico aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8159 (MICH); WSM 1348. Common. Swamps and floodplains.
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G. L. Nesom, New England aster—RGS 879. Uncommon. Moist open ground and shores.
Symphyotrichum ontarionis (Wiegand) G. L. Nesom, Lake Ontario aster—WSM 1004. Locally abundant. Floodplains.
Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (Riddell) G. L. Nesom, sky-blue aster—A. O. Haugen 24 (MICH); E. G. Voss 8184 (MICH); RGS 450, 599. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and open sandy forests.
Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom var. pilosum, frost aster—WSM 892. Locally common. Sandy fields and roadsides.
Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, swamp aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1297. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Symphyotrichum sericeum (Vent.) G. L. Nesom, silky aster—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); WSM 1480. Rare and local. Oak–pine barrens. THREATENED.
Symphyotrichum urophyllum (DC.) G. L. Nesom, arrow-leaved aster— C. H. Kauffman s.n., four specimens (MICH); RGS 644. Uncommon. Oak– pine barrens and dry open forests.
*Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., common dandelion—RGS 681. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
*Tragopogon dubius Scop., goat’s beard—A. O. Haugen 183 (MICH); WSM 1086. Common. Sandy fields and roadsides.
*Tragopogon pratensis L., common goat’s beard—WSM 1173. Rare. Sandy open ground.
Vernonia missurica Raf., Missouri ironweed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 278 (MICH); RGS 827. Occasional. Moist to wet open or semi-shaded habitats.
*Xanthium strumarium L., common cocklebur— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1296. Uncommon. Shores and streambanks.
BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens capensis Meerb., spotted touch-me-not—P. Searles 88 (WMU); WSM 1196. Common. Wetlands and ditches.
Impatiens pallida Nutt., pale touch-me-not—WSM 1190. Uncommon. Forest borders.
BERBERIDACEAE
*Berberis thunbergii DC., Japanese barberry—RGS 945. Uncommon. Forest understories.
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx., blue cohosh—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); WSM 1084. Occasional. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest.
Podophyllum peltatum L., may-apple—RGS 700. Common. Rich forests.
BETULACEAE
*Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., black alder—WSM 1017. Local and uncommon. Roadside ditch.
Alnus incana (L.) Moench, speckled alder—RGS 682. Frequent. Hardwood– conifer swamp, southern shrub-carr, bog, and streambanks.
Betula alleghaniensis Britton, yellow birch—WSM 1072. Occasional. Swamps.
Betula papyrifera Marshall, paper birch—RGS 1225. Rare. Shore of Ely Lake.
*Betula pendula Roth, European white birch—WSM 1527. Rare. Sapling at margin of disturbed forest.
Betula populifolia Marshall, gray birch—WSM 1526. Rare and local. Swamp forest bordering Little Tom Lake. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Betula pumila L., bog birch—P. Van Faasen 574 (MSC); RGS 1265; WSM 1147. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Carpinus caroliniana Walter, hornbeam—RGS 1028; WSM 946. Common. Swamp forests.
Corylus americana Walter, hazelnut—WSM 941. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, hop-hornbeam—WSM 999. Occasional. Mesic forests.
BIGNONIACEAE
*Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau, trumpet-creeper—WSM 879. Uncommon. Fields, forest borders, and roadsides.
*Catalpa speciosa Warder, northern catalpa—WSM 938. Uncommon. Disturbed uplands.
BORAGINACEAE
Hackelia virginiana (L.) I. M. Johnst., beggar’s lice—WSM 1214. Uncommon. Dry open ground and roadsides.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx., great waterleaf— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1572. Local. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Hydrophyllum canadense L., broadleaved waterleaf—WSM 1119. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Hydrophyllum virginianum L., Virginia waterleaf—WSM 1118. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm., hoary puccoon—R. McVaugh 11252 (MICH); WSM 1555. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and dry openings.
Lithospermum caroliniense (Walter) MacMill., hairy puccoon—E. G. Voss 6478 (MICH); RGS 1314, 1352; R. W. Pippen 515 (WMU); WSM 1101. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Lithospermum latifolium Michx., American gromwell—BSS 3519. Rare and local. Terraces in floodplain forest, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. SPECIAL CONCERN.
*Myosotis discolor Pers., yellow & blue scorpion-grass—WSM 1658. Locally common. Fields.
*Myosotis scorpioides L., forget-me-not— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1618; WSM 983. Uncommon. Floodplains.
*Myosotis stricta Link, small-flowered forget-me-not—WSM 1103. Locally common. Parking area.
BRASSICACEAE
*Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande, garlic mustard—WSM 795. Locally abundant. Forests and borders.
Arabidopsis lyrata (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz, sand cress—E. G. Voss 6481 (MICH); RGS 943, 1332, 1555, 1566; WSM 765. Occasional. Oak–pinebarrens and sandy banks.
*Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., mouse-ear cress—RGS 1552; R. McVaugh 11253 (BLH, MICH). Common. Sandy fields, oak–pine barrens, and roadsides.
*Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., yellow rocket—RGS 1341; WSM 797. Common. Fields, disturbed ground in forests, and roadsides.
*Berteroa incana (L.) DC., hoary alyssum—RGS 506, 1046, 1466. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Boechera canadensis (L.) Al-Shehbaz, sickle-pod—WSM 1665. Rare. Drymesic northern forest.
Boechera laevigata (Willd.) Al-Shehbaz, smooth bank cress—WSM 1081. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest and floodplain forest.
Boechera missouriensis (Greene) Al-Shehbaz, Missouri rock cress—RGS 1430; WSM 1660. Uncommon and local. Sandy fields. THREATENED.
Boechera stricta (Graham) Al-Shehbaz, Drummond rock cress—RGS 1355. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
*Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch, black mustard—WSM 1167. Uncommon. Fields, forest borders, and ditches.
*Brassica rapa L., field mustard—RGS 1562, 1563, 1781; WSM 781. Locally abundant. Open ditches and disturbed areas adjacent to agricultural fields.
*Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., shepherd’s-purse—RGS 967, 1038; WSM 912. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., spring cress—WSM 811. Common. Wetlands.
Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz, cut-leaved toothwort—WSM 1052. Uncommon. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest.
Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood, two-leaved toothwort—WSM 1061. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Cardamine douglassii Britton, pink spring cress—D. L. Allen 68 (MICH); RGS 940. Common. Wetlands.
*Cardamine hirsuta L., hoary bitter cress—RGS 1553; WSM 749. Locally common. Sandy fields.
*Cardamine impatiens L., bitter cress—WSM 1833. Rare and local. Border of disturbed forest.
Cardamine parviflora L., dryland bitter cress—A. A. Reznicek 12428 (MICH). Uncommon. Disturbed prairie-like depression in mixed forest. Cardamine pensylvanica Willd., Pennsylvania bitter cress—RGS 1331; WSM 806. Uncommon. Pools in floodplain forest.
*Draba verna L., whitlow-grass—RGS 966; WSM 752. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) Schulz, dog mustard—WSM 1619. Uncommon and local. Roadsides.
*Erysimum cheiranthoides L., wormseed mustard—RGS 1279; WSM 790, 919. Common. Margins of agricultural fields.
*Hesperis matronalis L., dame’s rocket—WSM 1096. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Iberis amara L., rocket candytuft—WSM 1568. Rare and local. Disturbed open ground.
*Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br., field cress—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); RGS 982, 1343; WSM 1111. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Lepidium virginicum L., common peppergrass—RGS 645, 727, 1280. Uncommon. Fields, disturbed open ground, and parking areas.
*Lunaria annua L., money-plant—RGS 1775; WSM 1047. Locally common. Forests.
*Nasturtium microphyllum Rchb., watercress—RGS 1122. Uncommon. Seeps and spring runs.
Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton, watercress—RGS 723, 1619, 1784. Common. Spring-fed streams and ditches.
*Raphanus raphinastrum L., wild radish—RGS 1107; WSM 1671. Uncommon. Margins of agricultural fields and roadsides.
*Raphanus sativus L., radish—E. G. Voss 8852 (MICH). Rare. Sandy roadside.
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser subsp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell, yellow cress—WSM 1698. Uncommon. Disturbed muddy field.
Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser subsp. palustris, yellow cress—RGS 1388. Uncommon. Wet shores.
*Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser, creeping yellow cress—RGS 1736; WSM 1430. Rare and local. Wet open banks of Kalamazoo River.
*Sinapis arvensis L., charlock—A. O. Haugen 193 (MICH). Rare. Sandy roadside.
*Sisymbrium altissimum L., tumble mustard—WSM 1653. Uncommon. Disturbed ground in recently logged forest.
*Sisymbrium officinale L., hedge mustard—RGS 1094; WSM 1106, 1208. Uncommon. Fields.
*Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br., shepherd’s cress—RGS 1375. Uncommon. Fields.
*Thlaspi arvense L., penny cress—RGS 1039; WSM 924. Uncommon. Fields.
Turritis glabra L., tower mustard—E. G. Voss 6485 (MICH); RGS 1368; R. W. Pippen 539 (WMU); WSM 1396, 1659. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
BUXACEAE
*Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc., Japanese spurge—WSM 1620.
Rare. Clone in immature forest.
CACTACEAE
Opuntia cespitosa Raf., prickly-pear—E. G. Voss 7223 (MICH); RGS 1059; R. McVaugh 11260 (MICH); R. W. Pippen 534 (WMU); S. A. Thompson & M. Macdonald 3931 (MICH). Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula aparinoides Pursh var. grandiflora Holz., marsh bellflower— RGS 1118. Uncommon. Open wetlands.
*Campanula rapunculoides L., creeping bellflower—WSM 1702. Rare and local. Successional forest.
Campanula rotundifolia L. subsp. gieseckiana (Vest) Cajander, harebell— WSM 1238 (f. albiflora E. L. Rand & Redfield), 1720. Uncommon. Oak– pine barrens and margins of oak forests.
Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small, tall bellflower—R. W. & J. R. Matthews 129 (MSC); WSM 862. Common. Oak–pine barrens and forest margins.
Lobelia cardinalis L., cardinal-flower—D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8161 (MICH); RGS 1182; WSM 1230. Common. Floodplain forest and open wetlands.
Lobelia inflata L., Indian-tobacco—RGS 561. Uncommon. Fields.
Lobelia siphilitica L., great blue lobelia—RGS 923; WSM 1288 (f. albiflora Britton). Common. Wetlands and along streams.
Lobelia spicata Lam., pale spiked lobelia—RGS 1398. Uncommon. Wetmesic sand prairie, upper margins of coastal plain marsh, and pond shores.
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl., Venus’s looking-glass—E. G. Voss 7224 (MICH); RGS 516, 1089; R. W. Pippen 537 (WMU). Uncommon. Sandy open ground.
CANNABACEAE
*Cannabis sativa L., marijuana—J. M. Lincoln 20 (MICH). Uncommon. Waif in ruderal habitats.
Celtis occidentalis L., hackberry—WSM 878. Common. Floodplain forest.
Humulus lupulus L. var. lupuloides E. Small, common hops—WSM 1210. Locally common. Fields.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Diervilla lonicera Mill., bush-honeysuckle—R. W. Pippen 513 (WMU). Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest and borders.
*Dipsacus fullonum L., wild teasel—WSM 1228. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Lonicera ×bella Zabel, hybrid honeysuckle—RGS 830. Uncommon. Disturbed uplands.
Lonicera canadensis Marshall, Canadian fly honeysuckle—WSM 1085. Rare. Mesic forests.
Lonicera dioica L., glaucous honeysuckle—G. W. Parmelee 1678 (MSC); N. G. Miller & K. W. Tan 3899 (MSC); RGS 1312. Rare. Swamps and floodplain forest.
*Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder, Amur honeysuckle—RGS 1275, 1756; WSM 897. Uncommon. Forest gaps and borders.
*Lonicera ×minutiflora Zabel, hybrid honeysuckle—WSM 1075. Rare. Floodplain forest.
*Lonicera morrowii A. Gray, Morrow honeysuckle—RGS 975, 976, 1190; WSM 1074. Frequent. Disturbed habitats.
*Lonicera tatarica L., Tartarian honeysuckle—WSM 1381. Uncommon. Shrubby field.
*Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fernald) S. F. Blake, snowberry—WSM 1116. Uncommon and local. Disturbed forest border.
Triosteum aurantiacum E. P. Bicknell, horse-gentian—G. W. Parmelee 1691 (MICH); RGS 1322; WSM 1319. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
*Valeriana officinalis L., garden heliotrope—RGS 1667. Rare. Former homesite.
Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb., swamp valerian—E. H. Bacon 311 (MSC). Habitat not indicated.
Valerianella chenopodiifolia (Pursh) DC., goosefoot corn salad—RGS 1565; WSM 1547. Local. Sandy terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River. ENDANGERED.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
*Agrostemma githago L., corn-cockle—WSM 1657. Locally common. Margin of disturbed agricultural field.
*Arenaria serpyllifolia L., thyme-leaved sandwort—RGS 964, 1019, 1070, 1078. Common. Lawns, gravel parking lots, and driveways.
*Cerastium fontanum Baumg., mouse-ear chickweed—RGS 986, 1015, 1342, 1365; WSM 1642. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Cerastium semidecandrum L., small mouse-ear chickweed—RGS 1014; WSM 772. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Dianthus armeria L., Deptford pink—C. W. Bazuin 7455 (MSC); RGS 798. Uncommon. Dry open areas.
*Dianthus deltoides L., maiden pink—WSM 1501. Rare. Gap in disturbed forest.
Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw., rock sandwort—E. G. Voss 6487 (MICH); P. Van Faasen 3585 (MICH); RGS 364, 1370. Locally common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy ground.
Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl, wood sandwort—BSS 3512. Rare and local. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
*Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench, giant chickweed—BSS 3529. Local. Degraded open floodplains along Kalamazoo River.
*Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link, pink—RGS 1490; R. W. Pippen 525 (WMU); WSM 1022. Locally common. Disturbed open ground.
*Saponaria officinalis L., bouncing bet—A. O. Haugen 222 (MICH); RGS 1658; WSM 863. Frequent. Disturbed uplands.
*Scleranthus annuus L., knawel—RGS 524, 557. Locally common. Disturbed open ground.
Silene antirrhina L., sleepy catchfly—WSM 1701. Uncommon and local. Open sandy pipeline corridor.
*Silene coronaria (L.) Clairv., mullein pink—WSM 1434. Uncommon and local. Roadside.
*Silene latifolia Poir., white campion—RGS 1048, 1611; WSM 814. Uncommon. Disturbed open uplands.
*Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, bladder campion—RGS 1054, 1536; WSM 1130. Common. Sandy fields and roadsides.
*Stellaria graminea L., starwort—P. Van Faasen 610 (MSC); RGS 1439. Frequent. Disturbed open ground.
Stellaria longifolia Willd., long-leaved chickweed—RGS 1576. Rare. Swamp forests.
*Stellaria media (L.) Vill., common chickweed—RGS 1356, 1550; WSM 751. Frequent. Fields and along roads and trails.
CELASTRACEAE
*Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., oriental bittersweet—WSM 1012. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Celastrus scandens L., American bittersweet—RGS 1541; WSM 957. Rare. Forest borders.
*Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, winged euonymus—RGS 932; WSM 942. Uncommon and local. Forest borders.
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq., wahoo—WSM 1027, 1032. Uncommon. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River. SPECIAL CONCERN.
*Euonymus europaeus L., spindle tree—WSM 933. Rare and local. Disturbed uplands.
Euonymus obovatus Nutt., running strawberry-bush—WSM 997. Uncommon. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Parnassia glauca Raf., grass-of-Parnassus—RGS 1711. Locally common. Open seeps below bluff along Kalamazoo River.
CISTACEAE
Crocanthemum bicknellii (Fernald) Janch., frostweed—C. W. Bazuin 5004 (BLH). Habitat indicated as “woods.” Crocanthemum canadense (L.) Britton, common frostweed—E. G. Voss 6475 (MICH); RGS 248, 433, 465, 2605; R. W. Pippen 501 (WMU). Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy open ground.
Lechea intermedia Britton, intermediate pinweed—C. W. Bazuin 7879 (BLH); RGS 567. Rare. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Lechea minor L., small pinweed—M. R. Penskar 1462 (MICH); WSM 1460. Rare and local. Upper margin of coastal plain marsh. THREATENED. Lechea mucronata Raf., hairy pinweed—C. W. Bazuin 4982 (BLH); RGS 444, 843. Common. Borders of coastal plain marsh and elsewhere on drysandy open ground.
Lechea pulchella Raf., Leggett’s pinweed—A. A. Reznicek 8605 (MICH); BSS 1287; D. A. Albert 1993-26, 1996-07, 1996-08, 1996-15 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1461, 1481 (MICH); RGS 662, 1433, 1833; WSM 1712. Rare. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, and other periodically wet openings. THREATENED.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. americana (Sims) Brummitt, hedge bindweed—WSM 904. Uncommon. Open field border.
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. angulata Brummitt, hedge bindweed— RGS 1080, 1849; WSM 1170. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Calystegia spithamea (L.) Pursh, low bindweed—RGS 1604. Uncommon. Sandy openings, fields, and oak–pine barrens.
*Convolvulus arvensis L., field bindweed—WSM 1705. Uncommon. Roadsides.
Cuscuta gronovii Roem. & Schult., common dodder—E. G. Voss 8171 (MICH); RGS 401. Common. Open wetlands and shores.
Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey., wild sweet-potato—WSM 866, 1597. Uncommon. Open mixed oak forest. THREATENED.
CORNACEAE
Cornus alternifolia L. f., alternate-leaved dogwood—WSM 995. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Cornus amomum Mill. subsp. obliqua (Raf.) J. S. Wilson, pale dogwood—F. W. Stuewer 270 (MICH); WSM 1459. Common. Open wetlands.
Cornus canadensis L., bunchberry—L. Davis 11 (HCHM)†; P. Van Faasen 812 (HCHM)†. Rare and local. Collections are from the headwaters of Silver Creek; the species has also been observed in the hardwood– conifer swamp south of Miner Lake near Mann Creek.
Cornus florida L., flowering dogwood—RGS 679; R. McVaugh 11250 (MICH). Common. Oak forest understories.
Cornus foemina Mill. subsp. racemosa (Lam.) J. S. Wilson, gray dogwood—E. G. Voss 8157 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 262 (MICH); WSM 994. Common. Fields and open wetlands.
Cornus sericea L., red-osier—RGS 711, 1238; WSM 1108, 1724. Common. Wetlands and shores.
CRASSULACEAE
*Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba, live-forever—WSM 1320. Uncommon. Roadsides.
*Sedum album L., stonecrop—WSM 1439. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
CURCURBITACEAE
*Cucurbita pepo L., pumpkin—WSM 1532. Rare. Recently logged openings.
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray, wild-cucumber— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1244. Uncommon. Kalamazoo River floodplain.
DIERVILLACEAE – see CAPRIFOLIACEAE DIPSACACEAE – see CAPRIFOLIACEAE DROSERACEAE
Drosera intermedia Hayne, spatulate-leaved sundew—C. W. Bazuin 9628 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1395 (MICH); RGS 489; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13359 (MSC). Locally common. Bog and shores of drying lakes.
Drosera rotundifolia L., round-leaved sundew—W. Matson s.n. (WMU); WSM 1150. Locally common. Miner Lake Bog.
ELAEAGNACEAE
*Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., autumn-olive—WSM 813. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
ERICACEAE
Andromeda glaucophylla Link, bog-rosemary—C. W. Bazuin 9771 (MICH); RGS 1304; WSM 1151. Uncommon. Bogs.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., bearberry—RGS 1561. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench, leatherleaf—RGS 533; WSM 395. Locally abundant. Bog, coastal plain marsh, and shores.
Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh, spotted wintergreen—WSM 763. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt., pipsissewa— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 271 (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1688 (MSC); RGS 683. Uncommon and local. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Epigaea repens L., trailing-arbutus—I. W. Knobloch s.n. (MSC); WSM 760. Uncommon and local. Dry-mesic northern forest and mossy openings.
Gaultheria procumbens L., wintergreen—A. O. Haugen 219 (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1694 (MSC); RGS 664. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest, oak–pine barrens, and wetland borders.
Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch, huckleberry—RGS 1135, 1139; WSM 1126, 1692. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Hypopitys monotropa Crantz, pinesap—RGS 1250. Uncommon. Forests.
Monotropa uniflora L., Indian-pipe—G. W. Parmelee 1693 (MSC); WSM 1199. Uncommon. Forests and borders.
Pyrola americana Sweet, round-leaved pyrola— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1441. Uncommon and local. Mesic forests.
Pyrola elliptica Nutt., large-leaved shinleaf—A. O. Haugen 218 (MICH); RGS 741. Uncommon. Forests.
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton, low sweet blueberry—G. W. Parmelee 1148, 1680, 1684 (MSC); R. McVaugh 11259 (MICH); W. Matson s.n. (WMU); WSM 762. Abundant. Dry sandy forests and openings.
Vaccinium corymbosum L., highbush blueberry—C. W. Bazuin 8774 (MSC); E. G. Voss 3733 (MICH); RGS 992, 1533. Common. Bogs, swamp forests, moist fields, and shores.
Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, large cranberry—C. W. Bazuin 7885 (MICH); RGS 1869, 2459; WSM 1428; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13340 (MSC). Locally common. Bogs and shores.
Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx., velvetleaf blueberry—WSM 1200. Rare. Oak–pine barrens.
Vaccinium oxycoccos L., small cranberry—RGS 2460; R. W. Pippen 725 (WMU). Uncommon. Bogs.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha rhomboidea Raf., three-seeded mercury—WSM 882. Locally common. Roadsides.
Euphorbia commutata Engelm., tinted spurge—BSS 3526. Rare and local. Floodplain forest, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. THREATENED.
Euphorbia corollata L., flowering spurge—A. O. Haugen 190 (MICH); E. G. Voss 7223b (MICH); RGS 562, 1410. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
*Euphorbia cyparissias L., cypress spurge—A. O. Haugen 234 (MICH); RGS 1449, 1578; WSM 1095. Uncommon. Near former homesites and spreading to adjacent fields and forests.
*Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm., ridge-seeded spurge—WSM 1479. Uncommon. Road shoulders.
Euphorbia maculata L., spotted spurge—RGS 1093, 1099; WSM 849. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Euphorbia nutans Lag., eyebane—WSM 1600. Uncommon. Roadsides.
FABACEAE
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. bracteata, hog-peanut—RGS 1216. Occasional. Swamps and riparian thickets.
Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald var. comosa (L.) Fern., hog-peanut— WSM 1282. Uncommon. Openings.
Apios americana Medik., groundnut—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WGS 1213. Uncommon. Floodplain forest and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Cercis canadensis L., redbud—RGS 969; S. A. Thompson 3925 (MICH); WSM 800. Common. Mostly in floodplains but occasionally in sandy uplands.
Desmodium canadense (L.) DC., showy tick-trefoil—WSM 1204. Locally common. Disused parking area.
Desmodium ciliare (Willd.) DC., hairy tick-trefoil—RGS 874. Uncommon. Sandy fields and forest borders.
Desmodium glabellum (Michx.) DC., tick-trefoil—A. O. Haugen 231 (BLH, MICH); RGS 423, 560, 1470. Uncommon. Sandy forest borders.
Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC., small-leaved tick-trefoil—C. W. Bazuin 8778 (MSC); G. W. Parmelee 1147 (MSC); WSM 1323. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens, fields, and forest borders.
Desmodium obtusum (Willd.) DC., stiff tick-trefoil—WSM 1462. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC., panicled tick-trefoil— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 427; WSM 1220. Common. Forest openings and borders.
Desmodium perplexum B. G. Schub., tick-trefoil— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 892. Uncommon. Sandy openings and shores.
Desmodium rotundifolium DC., round-leaved tick-trefoil—C. W. Bazuin 8862 (MSC); G. W. Parmelee 1682 (MSC); RGS 570. Uncommon. Margins of dry-mesic northern forest and open sandy ground.
Gleditsia triacanthos L., honey locust—RGS 1482; WSM 972. Uncommon. Primarily in floodplain forest but locally spreading from plantings elsewhere.
Gymnocladus diocius (L.) K. Koch, Kentucky coffee-tree—RGS 2799. Local. Mesic terrace in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Hylodesmum glutinosum (Willd.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill, clustered-leaved tick-trefoil— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 854. Common. Forests. Hylodesmum nudiflorum (L.) H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill, naked tick-trefoil— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 462; WSM 1268, 1269. Common. Drymesic northern forest.
*Lathyrus latifolius L., everlasting pea—WSM 1177. Occasional. Roadsides and fields.
Lathyrus palustris L., marsh pea—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); RGS 1121; WSM 1681. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Lespedeza capitata Michx., round-headed bush-clover—RGS 461. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem., hairy bush-clover— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); K. L. Sanderson s.n. (WMU); RGS 432. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers., bush-clover— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 431, 566, 611, 1313. Frequent. Openings and borders of dry forests.
*Lotus corniculatus L., birdfoot trefoil—WSM 1171. Occasional. Open roadsides.
Lupinus perennis L., wild lupine—E. G. Voss 6489 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4144 (WUD); RGS 361. Frequent. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
*Medicago lupulina L., black medick—WSM 854. Common. Sandy open ground and roadsides.
*Medicago sativa L., alfalfa—WSM 852. Uncommon. Fields, forest gaps, and roadsides.
*Melilotus albus Medik., white sweet-clover—RGS 1066; WSM 836. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., yellow sweet-clover—WSM 1178. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Robinia pseudoacacia L., black locust—WSM 930. Occasional. Fields and forest borders.
*Securigera varia (L.) Lassen, crown-vetch—RGS 1437; WSM 1284. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers., goats-rue—A. O. Haugen 187 (BLH, MICH); C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 7228 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4140 (WUD); RGS 565; R. W. Pippen 527 (WMU). Frequent. Oak–pine barrens and sandy openings.
*Trifolium arvense L., rabbitfoot clover—BSS 3535. Local. Disturbed dry sandy ground.
*Trifolium aureum Pollich, hop clover—C. W. Bazuin 9773 (MICH); WSM 1668. Locally common. Fields.
*Trifolium campestre Schreb., low hop clover—WSM 1185. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground and roadsides.
*Trifolium hybridum L., alsike clover—WSM 925. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Trifolium pratense L., red clover—WSM 922. Common. Fields and roadsides.
*Trifolium repens L., white clover—RGS 783. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Vicia americana Willd., American vetch—WSM 1392. Rare. Riparian thickets.
*Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray, hairy vetch—WSM 1379. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
*Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh., common vetch—RGS 1567; WSM 815, 1380. Uncommon. Fields.
*Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb., sparrow vetch—RGS 1071. Uncommon. Sandy open ground.
*Vicia villosa Roth, hairy vetch—A. O. Haugen 18 (MICH); RGS 1367; WSM 855. Occasional. Fields and roadsides.
FAGACEAE
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., American beech—WSM 940. Common. Mesic forests.
Quercus alba L., white oak—WSM 961; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13335 (MSC). Abundant. Dry and dry-mesic forests.
Quercus bicolor Willd., swamp white oak—WSM 954, 1212. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, Hill’s oak—WSM 1019. Uncommon. Sandy blowout.
Quercus macrocarpa Michx., bur oak—WSM 1026. Common. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Quercus muehlenbergii Engelman., chinquapin oak— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 895. Common. Terraces in Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area; uncommon elsewhere.
Quercus palustris Münchh., pin oak—E. G. Voss 15788 (MICH); WSM 1223. Uncommon. Swamps and shores.
Quercus rubra L., red oak—WSM 975. Occasional. Dry-mesic to mesic forests.
Quercus velutina Lam., black oak—WSM 973. Abundant. The principal dominant canopy species in dry-mesic northern forest and oak–pine barrens.
GENTIANACEAE
Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Muhl., panicled screw-stem—A. A. Reznicek 10141, 10964 (MICH); WSM 337a. Uncommon. Bog and peaty soils. THREATENED.
Bartonia virginica (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., screw-stem—A. A. Reznicek 7798 (MICH); P. Searles 81 (WMU); RGS 1432; W. P. Stoutamire 4015 (BLH); WSM 337b, 1463, 1478. Common. Bog, coastal plain marsh, swamp forests, and moist sandy ground.
*Centaurium erythraea Rafn, forking centaury—WSM 1696. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Frasera caroliniensis Walter, American columbo—J. R. Wells & P. W. Thompson 3955 (BLH); RGS 1152; R. W. Pippen 509 (WMU). Frequent. Oak–pine barrens, open oak forests, and terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Gentiana andrewsii Griseb., bottle gentian—E. G. Voss 8163 (MICH); RGS 657. Uncommon. Wet thickets, forests, and swales.
Gentiana puberulenta J. S. Pringle, prairie gentian—A. A. Reznicek 8734 (MICH). Rare. Ecotone between dry-mesic northern forest and a small coastal plain marsh opening, where discovered by M. R. Penskar in 1989. Not observed in many years and possibly extirpated from this, the last known location in Michigan. ENDANGERED.
GERANIACEAE
*Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér., stork’s-bill—WSM 1102. Uncommon. Mowed areas.
Geranium maculatum L., wild geranium—WSM 1050. Uncommon. Rich forests.
*Geranium pusillum L. small geranium—WSM 1105. Uncommon. Mowed grass.
Geranium robertianum L., herb Robert—WSM 805. Uncommon. Rich forests.
GROSSULARIACEAE
Ribes americanum Mill., wild black currant—RGS 1327; WSM 990. Uncommon. Wetland borders.
Ribes cynosbati L., prickly gooseberry— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1329; WSM 793. Common. Forests.
Ribes hirtellum Michx., swamp gooseberry—RGS 1596. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp and other mucky wetlands.
*Ribes odoratum H. L. Wendl., golden currant—WSM 1807. Uncommon and local. Field border.
HALORAGACEAE
Myriophyllum sibiricum Komarov, spiked water-milfoil—RGS 1298; WSM 1623. Uncommon. Shallow water in Ottawa Marsh and Swan Creek Pond.
*Myriophyllum spicatum L., Eurasian water-milfoil—RGS 1288; WSM 1184. Locally abundant. River backwaters, lakes, and ponds.
Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow, water-milfoil—E. G. Voss 8174 (MICH). Local. Shallow water in Ely Lake.
Proserpinaca palustris L., mermaid-weed—G. J. Pierce 1446 (MICH); RGS 613, 633. Locally common. Lakes, ponds, and coastal plain marsh.
HAMAMELIDACEAE
Hamamelis virginiana L., witch-hazel—S. A. Thompson 3906 (MICH); WSM 967. Common. Moist to dry forests.
HYDRANGEACEAE
*Philadelphus coronarius L., sweet mock-orange—RGS 174, 1790; WSM 517. Uncommon and local. Fields, borders, and roadsides.
*Philadelphus pubescens Loisel., downy mock-orange—RGS 1723. Rare. Near parking area.
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum ascyron L., giant St. John’s-wort—RGS 1568. Rare. Opening in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Hypericum boreale (Britt.) E. P. Bicknell, northern St. John’s-wort—D. L. Allen 18 (MICH); E. G. Voss 8177 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 420 (WMU); RGS 224, 906; WSM 1524 (f. callitrichoides Fassett). Common. Receding shores of softwater lakes.
Hypericum canadense L., Canadian St. John’s-wort—WSM 1475. Uncommon. Shores.
Hypericum kalmianum L., Kalm’s St. John’s-wort—F. W. Stuewer 275 (MICH); RGS 663, 828, 851. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh, wetmesic sand prairie, and shores.
Hypericum majus (A. Gray) Britton, larger Canada St. John’s-wort—RGS 225, 833, 1161. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and shores.
*Hypericum perforatum L., common St. John’s-wort—A. O. Haugen 199 (MICH); RGS 795; R. W. Pippen 521 (WMU). Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Hypericum punctatum Lam., spotted St. John’s-wort—RGS 878. Common. Partially shaded moist ground.
Hypericum swinkianum Wilhelm & Rericha, Swink’s St. John’s-wort—A. A. Reznicek 12432 (MICH); F. W. Stuewer 275 (MICH); RGS 1128, 1440. Locally common. Upper margins of coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Triadenum fraseri (Spach) Gleason, marsh St. John’s-wort—P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); WSM 1476. Uncommon. Wetlands and shores.
Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf., marsh St. John’s-wort—A. A. Reznicek 7800 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1393, 2522 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 421 (WMU); RGS 226, 1143. Locally common. Coastal plain marsh and shores.
JUGLANDACEAE
Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, bitternut hickory—RGS 928, 1454, 1573, 1660; WSM 948. Locally common along Kalamazoo River and in mesic forests.
Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, pignut hickory—A. O. Haugen 233 (MICH); RGS 1744, 1871. Uncommon. Dry forests and borders.
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, shagbark hickory— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); WSM 945. Uncommon. Forests.
Juglans cinerea L., butternut—WSM 960. Local. Forest border.
Juglans nigra L., black walnut—S. A. Thompson 3928 (MICH); WSM 877. Common. Fields, successional forest, and floodplains.
LAMIACEAE
Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze, yellow giant hyssop—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 893. Uncommon. Disturbed sandy uplands and forest borders.
Agastache scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze, purple giant hyssop—WSM 1732. Rare and local. Margin of oak–pine barrens. SPECIAL CONCERN.
*Ajuga reptans L., carpet bugle—RGS 999. Rare and local. Wooded bank along Bear Creek.
Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth., Ohio horse mint—RGS 1534. Rare. Sandy fields.
Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth., wood mint— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1113; WSM 1242. Locally common. Moist forests.
Clinopodium vulgare L. var. neogaea (Fernald) C. F. Reed, wild-basil—RGS 1392. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and dry forests.
Collinsonia canadensis L., horse-balm—WSM 1777. Uncommon and local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
*Galeopsis tetrahit L., hemp-nettle—WSM 1209. Rare. Border of agricultural field.
*Glechoma hederacea L., ground-ivy— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1016; WSM 1065. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Hedeoma hispida Pursh, rough pennyroyal—WSM 1131. Locally common. Roadside, M-89.
*Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek, yellow archangel— WSM 1804. Rare. Mixed forest.
*Lamium maculatum L., dead-nettle—WSM 1054. Rare and local. Forest border.
*Lamium purpureum L., purple dead-nettle—WSM 750. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Leonurus cardiaca L., motherwort—WSM 1023. Common. Disturbed ground.
Lycopus americanus Muhl., common water horehound—D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); RGS 651. Common. Wetlands.
Lycopus rubellus Moench, stalked water horehound—D. A. Albert 1993-25; WSM 1736. Rare. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Lycopus uniflorus Michx., northern bugle weed—D. A. Albert 1994-09 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1440, 1445, 1725 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 412 (WMU); RGS 572; WSM 1483. Common. Wetlands and shores.
Lycopus virginicus L., bugle weed—WSM 1493. Rare. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Mentha canadensis L., wild mint— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 1214. Common. Wetlands and shores.
*Mentha ×piperita L., peppermint— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1235. Uncommon. Shores.
*Mentha spicata L., spearmint—WSM 918. Locally common. Margins of agricultural fields.
Monarda fistulosa L., wild-bergamot—W. F. Wight 36 (MO); WSM 1194. Common. Open uplands.
Monarda punctata L., horse mint—A. O. Haugen 1, 221 (MICH); C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 443; R. W. & J. R. Matthews 130 (MSC). Common. Sandy open uplands.
*Nepeta cataria L., catnip—WSM 1044. Uncommon. Disturbed uplands.
Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. subsp. virginiana, false dragonhead— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 1689; WSM 1257. Uncommon. Floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Prunella vulgaris L., self-heal—A. O. Haugen 208 (MICH); G. C. Eickwort 81 (MSC); R. W. Pippen 511 (WMU); WSM 1025. Common. Open ground and roadsides.
Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers., whorled mountain mint—A. A. Reznicek 7808, 9209 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 4995 (BLH); D. A. Albert 1986-75, 1989-59, 1989-89 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1493 (MICH); P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 814; R. W. & J. R. Matthews 128 (MSC); WSM 1433, 1789. Locally common. Wet-mesic sand prairie and coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson, common mountain mint—D. A. Albert 1996-13 (MICH); RGS 671, 815, 881; R. W. & J. R. Matthews 126 (MSC). Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie and coastal plain marsh.
Scutellaria galericulata L., marsh skullcap—WSM 1234. Occasional. Wetlands and shores.
Scutellaria lateriflora L., mad-dog skullcap—G. C. Eickwort 74 (MSC); RGS 870, 1766. Occasional. Wetlands.
Stachys hispida Pursh, hedgenettle—WSM 1174. Rare. Border of disturbed forest.
Stachys hyssopifolia Michx. var. hyssopifolia, hyssop hedgenettle—C. W. Bazuin 4985 (BLH); G. J. Pierce 1722, 2516, 2521 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 410 (WMU); RGS 447, 845, 1131. Frequent. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, open moist ground, and shores.
Stachys tenuifolia Willd., smooth hedgenettle—WSM 1224. Local. Border of disturbed forest.
Teucrium canadense L. var. occidentale (A. Gray) E. M. McClint. & Epling, wood sage—C. W. Bazuin 4969 (MICH); WSM 1192. Common. Wetlands and shores.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Utricularia cornuta Michx., horned bladderwort—E. G. Voss 8175 (MICH). Peaty shore of Ely Lake.
Utricularia geminiscapa Benj., bog bladderwort—A. A. Reznicek 7799 (MICH); D. C. Chandler 150 (MICH); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 1305, 1306, 1431. Uncommon. Shallow water in softwater lakes and ponds.
Utricularia gibba L., humped bladderwort—P. Searles 76 (WMU); WSM 1473. Common. Shallow water and on shores of softwater lakes and ponds.
Utricularia intermedia Hayne, flat-leaved bladderwort—WSM 1751. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Utricularia purpurea Walter, purple bladderwort—A. A. Reznicek 7802 (MICH); RGS 483, 1219, 1307, 1308; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13353 (A, MSC). Locally abundant. Softwater lakes.
Utricularia resupinata B. D. Greene, small purple bladderwort—E. G. Voss 7222 (MICH); RGS 1829; WSM 1731. Locally common. Shallow water of softwater lakes.
Utricularia vulgaris L. subsp. macrorhiza (J. Le Conte) R. T. Clausen, common bladderwort—D. C. Chandler 185 (MICH); RGS 1220, 1429, 1434. Locally common. Crooked and Round lakes.
LIMNANTHACEAE
Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd., false mermaid—WSM 776. Locally abundant. Rich forests.
LINACEAE
Linum medium (Planch.) Britton var. texanum (Planch.) Fernald, small yellow flax—WSM 621a. Rare. Miner Lake Bog.
Linum striatum Walter, stiff yellow flax—WSM 621b. Uncommon. Damp, mossy shore of Miner Lake.
Linum sulcatum Riddell, grooved yellow flax—M. R. Penskar 1463 (MICH); RGS 623. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and upper margins of coastal plain marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
LINDERNIACEAE
Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr., false pimpernel—RGS 1867. Uncommon. Shores and seasonally wet depressions. Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia, false pimpernel—A. A. Reznicek 8682 (MICH); RGS 1734, 1762; WSM 1336. Uncommon. Shores and seasonally wet depressions.
LYTHRACEAE
Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel, sessile tooth-cup—RGS 1297. Rare. Exposed sandy banks in Ottawa Marsh. SPECIAL CONCERN.
Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott, whorled loosestrife—RGS 476. Frequent. Hummocks in acidic wetlands and shores.
Lythrum alatum Pursh, winged loosestrife—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); RGS 1126. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie.
*Lythrum salicaria L., purple loosestrife—WSM 1021. Common. Wetlands.
Rotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, tooth-cup—BSS 1081 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1807 (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1487 (MICH); WSM 1474. Frequent. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, and other seasonally wet depressions.
MALVACEAE
*Abutilon theophrasti Medik., velvet-leaf—WSM 848. Uncommon. Margins of agricultural fields.
Hibiscus moscheutos L., swamp mallow—RGS 1198, 1199; WSM 1227. Uncommon. Shore of Lake Allegan and banks of Kalamazoo River.
*Malva neglecta Wallr., common mallow—F. W. Stuewer 243 (MICH); RGS 1278; WSM 908. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Tilia americana L., basswood—WSM 992. Frequent. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
MELASTOMATACEAE
Rhexia mariana L., Maryland meadow-beauty—A. A. Reznicek 8597, 8704 (MICH); BSS 1285; D. A. Albert 1989-50, 1989-62 (MICH); L. A. Schaddelee s.n. (MICH); M. R. Penskar 1153 (MICH); RGS 575. Locally abundant. Coastal plain marsh, wet-mesic sand prairie, and adjacent forest borders, mostly in the northeastern part of the SGA. THREATENED.
Rhexia virginica L., meadow-beauty—A. A. Reznicek 8606, 8703 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 9621 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1989-61 (MICH); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8176 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1389, 1810, 2428, 2511a, 2513, 2514, 2519 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 434 (WMU); RGS 839; W. P. Stoutamire 5951 (BLH). Frequent. Coastal plain marsh and wetmesic sand prairie. SPECIAL CONCERN.
MENISPERMACEAE
Menispermum canadense L., moonseed—WSM 964. Common. Forests.
MENYANTHACEAE
Menyanthes trifoliata L., buckbean—N. G. Miller & K. W. Tan 3900 (MSC); WSM 1149. Common. Miner Lake Bog.
MOLLUGINACEAE
*Mollugo verticillata L., carpetweed—RGS 554, 1084, 1101; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13336 (MSC). Common. Disturbed open ground.
MONTIACEAE
Claytonia virginica L., spring-beauty—RGS 358. Common. Forests and oak– pine barrens.
MORACEAE
*Morus alba L., white mulberry—WSM 917. Occasional. Disturbed forests, floodplains, borders, and roadsides.
*Morus alba L. × M. rubra L., mulberry—BSS 3527; RGS 1767; WSM 1449, 1601. Uncommon. Floodplain forests and borders.
MYRICACEAE
Comptonia peregrina (L.) J. M. Coult., sweetfern—P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 751; R. W. Pippen 498 (WMU); S. J. Mazzer s.n. (MICH). Uncommon and local. Openings in dry-mesic northern forest.
MYRSINACEAE
Lysimachia ciliata L., fringed loosestrife—G. C. Eickwort 78 (MSC); D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); WSM 1191. Common. Floodplain forest and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Lysimachia lanceolata Walter, lance-leaved loosestrife—A. A. Reznicek 8650 (MICH); WSM 1464. Local. Wet-mesic sand prairie and moist open sandy ground.
*Lysimachia nummularia L., moneywort—D. L. Allen 82 (MICH); RGS 757. Locally common. Floodplain forest.
Lysimachia quadriflora Sims, prairie loosestrife—R. W. & J. R. Matthews 127 (MSC); WSM 1468. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh.
Lysimachia quadrifolia L., whorled loosestrife—RGS 780, 1261. Occasional. Dry forests, oak–pine barrens, and wetland borders.
Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb., swamp-candles—P. Searles 78 (WMU); RGS 1453; WSM 1351. Uncommon. Swamps and shores.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., tufted loosestrife—RGS 1002, 1463. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Trientalis borealis Raf., star-flower—WSM 394. Occasional. Upland forests and swamps.
NYSSACEAE
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall, sour-gum—G. J. Pierce 2421 (MICH); RGS 895; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13344 (GH, MSC). Common. Moist forests and shores.
OLEACEAE
*Forsythia intermedia Zabel, forsythia—WSM 1542. Local. Persisting at former homesteads and spreading to ditches.
Fraxinus americana L., white ash—RGS 1257; WSM 1221. Uncommon. Persisting as immature trees in a variety of habitats.
Fraxinus nigra Marshall, black ash—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 1286; WSM 977. Uncommon. Floodplain forest and swamps.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, green ash—RGS 922; WSM 837, 955. Common. Persisting as immature trees in floodplain forest and swamps. Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush, pumpkin ash—J. M. Lincoln s.n., two specimens (MICH). Local. Swamp forests. THREATENED.
Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx., blue ash—BSS 3515. Rare. Banks of Kalamazoo River.
*Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc., border privet—RGS 1264; WSM 1010. Uncommon. Forest borders.
*Ligustrum vulgare L., common privet—RGS 1468, 1774; WSM 1014. Uncommon. Disturbed forests.
*Syringa vulgaris L., common lilac—RGS 1337; WSM 801. Uncommon. Persistent at and near former homesteads.
ONAGRACEAE
Circaea alpina L., small enchanter’s-nightshade—WSM 619. Local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill subsp. canadensis, enchanter’s-nightshade— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1182. Common. Forests and disturbed shaded ground.
Epilobium ciliatum Raf. subsp. ciliatum, willow-herb—WSM 1481. Rare. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Epilobium coloratum Biehler, cinnamon willow-herb—RGS 909. Uncommon. Open wetlands.
*Epilobium hirsutum L., great hairy willow-herb—RGS 1726, 1745. Uncommon. Disturbed seeps and marshes.
Epilobium leptophyllum Raf., fen willow-herb—RGS 1725, 1870. Rare. Swamps and seeps.
*Epilobium parviflorum Schreb., willow-herb—RGS 1724. Uncommon. Disturbed seeps along Kalamazoo River.
Ludwigia alternifolia L., seedbox—A. A. Reznicek 8876 (MICH); WSM 1780. Uncommon. Sandy open wetlands.
Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott, water-purslane—RGS 1291, 1293, 1447; WSM 1256. Common. Shores and streambanks.
Ludwigia polycarpa Short & R. Peter, false loosestrife—RGS 1479b. Rare. Floating peat mats in Crooked Lake.
Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Elliott, round-fruited loosestrife—BSS 801; RGS 1479a; WSM 1791. Rare. Floating peat mats and shores of Crooked Lake. ENDANGERED.
Oenothera biennis L., common evening-primrose—WSM 838. Common. Fields, forest openings, and along roads.
Oenothera clelandii W. Dietr., P. H. Raven & W. L. Wagner, evening-primrose—L. A. Kenoyer s.n. (WMU); RGS 625, 1281, 1404. Locally common. Dry sandy openings and disturbed open ground.
Oenothera oakesiana (A. Gray) S. Watson & J. M. Coult., evening-primrose—WSM 1763. Rare. Oak–pine barrens.
Oenothera parviflora L., evening-primrose—RGS 658. Uncommon. Seasonally wet swales and roadsides.
Oenothera perennis L., small sundrops—RGS 781. Uncommon and local. Upper margins of coastal plain marsh.
OROBANCHACEAE
Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell subsp. parviflora (Benth.) Á. Löve & D. Löve, purple false foxglove—RGS 855; WSM 1782. Common. Shores and streambanks.
Agalinis tenuifolia (M. Vahl) Raf., common false foxglove—WSM 1798. Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw., smooth false foxglove— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 853. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and borders of dry forests.
Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf., annual false foxglove—WSM 1262. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest and oak–pine barrens.
Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell, downy false foxglove— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); G. C. Eickwort 71 (MSC); G. W. Parmelee 1695 (MSC); WSM 1267. Uncommon. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr., bear-corn—WSM 810. Uncommon. Forests.
Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf., mullein-foxglove—BSS 3516, 3546. Local. Riverbanks and forest borders, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. THREATENED.
Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart., beech-drops—E. H. Bacon 300 (MSC); RGS 491. Common. Beech groves.
Melampyrum lineare Desr., cow-wheat—RGS 1127; WSM 1136. Locally common. Oak forests.
Orobanche uniflora L., cancer root—WSM 1827. Rare. Opening in floodplain forest.
Pedicularis canadensis L., wood-betony—E. G. Voss 6488 (MICH); RGS 994; R. McVaugh 11257 (MICH). Common. Forests.
Pedicularis lanceolata Michx., swamp-betony— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8162 (MICH); RGS 1246. Uncommon. Wetlands.
OXALIDACEAE
*Oxalis dillenii Jacq., common yellow wood-sorrel—E. G. Voss 6484 (MICH); RGS 449; WSM 1518. Common. Disturbed open uplands.
Oxalis stricta L., yellow wood-sorrel—RGS 1438. Common. Disturbed open habitats.
PAPAVERACEAE
*Chelidonium majus L., celandine—WSM 796. Locally common. Thickets and forest borders.
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp., squirrel-corn—RGS 1776. Rare. Rich forested bank.
Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh., Dutchman’s-breeches—WSM 1060. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Sanguinaria canadensis L., bloodroot—RGS 939. Uncommon. Rich forests.
PARNASSIACEAE – see CELASTRACEAE PENTHORACEAE
Penthorum sedoides L., ditch stonecrop—D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); RGS 1203. Uncommon. Swamp forests and ditches.
PHRYMACEAE
Mimulus glabratus (Bentham) Grant var. jamesii (Benth.) A. Gray, James’ monkey-flower—RGS 1750; WSM 376a. Uncommon and local. Seeps and spring-fed streams near Kalamazoo River.
Mimulus moschatus Lindl., muskflower—WSM 376b. Local. Spring-fed stream at Big Dailey Bayou.
Mimulus ringens L., monkey-flower—G. C. Eickwort 86 (MSC); RGS 1154. Common. Shores and streambanks.
Phryma leptostachya L., lopseed—WSM 1197. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca americana L., pokeweed—WSM 884. Common. Fields, forest borders, and roadsides.
PLANTAGINACEAE
*Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange, dwarf-snapdragon—RGS 1037. Uncommon. Gravel parking lots and roadsides.
Chelone glabra L., turtlehead—RGS 1189. Uncommon. Wetlands and streambanks.
Gratiola neglecta Torr., clammy hedge hyssop—A. A. Reznicek 8681 (MICH); WSM 1667b. Uncommon. Disturbed raw soil in fields and twotracks.
*Linaria vulgaris Mill., butter-and-eggs—WSM 856. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
Nuttalanthus canadensis (L.) D. A. Sutton, blue toadflax—E. G. Voss 6473 (MICH); N. G. Miller & K. W. Tan 3898 (MSC); RGS 249, 502. Common. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
Penstemon digitalis Nutt., foxglove beard-tongue—WSM 1672. Rare. Ditch. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd., hairy beard-tongue—E. G. Voss 6476 (MICH); L. H. Bailey, Jr. s.n. (BH); R. W. Pippen 500 (WMU); WSM 1128. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens, openings in oak forests, and roadsides.
*Plantago aristata Michx., bracted plantain—WSM 1346. Common. Oak– pine barrens.
*Plantago lanceolata L., narrow-leaved plantain—S. A. Thompson 3930 (MICH); WSM 839. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Plantago major L., common plantain—WSM 914. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Plantago patagonica Jacq., woolly plantain—R. W. Pippen 524 (WMU). Collected from a campground in 1967.
*Plantago rugelii Decne., red-stalked plantain—S. A. Thompson 3929 (MICH); WSM 774. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. var. glandulosa Farw., water speedwell— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1255. Common. Banks of Kalamazoo River.
*Veronica arvensis L., corn speedwell—RGS 1358, 1581; WSM 773. Uncommon. Fields and roadsides.
*Veronica dillenii Crantz, speedwell—RGS 503; 1659. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
*Veronica hederifolia L., ivy-leaved speedwell—WSM 1551. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Veronica officinalis L., common speedwell—WSM 1522. Occasional. Disturbed ground and borders.
Veronica peregrina L., purslane speedwell—RGS 1008. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Veronica persica Poir., bird’s-eye speedwell—WSM 1041. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
*Veronica serpyllifolia L., thyme-leaved speedwell—RGS 965. Uncommon. Disturbed ground including trails and roads.
*Veronica verna L., spring corn speedwell—WSM 1552. Rare. Disturbed open ground.
Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw., culver’s-root—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); RGS 803. Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie and upper margins of coastal plain marsh.
PLATANACEAE
Platanus occidentalis L., sycamore—WSM 989. Locally common. Floodplain forest.
POLEMONIACEAE
Phlox divaricata L., wild blue phlox—D. Engelsman 23 (MSC); WSM 1083.
Local. Floodplain forest and mesic forests.
*Phlox paniculata L., garden phlox—RGS 1230; WSM 944. Uncommon. Persisting at former homesteads; uncommon in fields and roadsides.
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala cruciata L., cross-leaved milkwort—A. A. Reznicek 8881 (MICH); C. W. Bazuin 9622 (MICH); D. A. Albert 1989-58 (MICH); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 8179 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1392 (MICH, WIS); WSM 1795; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13357 (BH, MSC). Uncommon and local. Coastal plain marsh and wet-mesic sand prairie. SPECIAL CONCERN. Polygala polygama Walter, racemed milkwort—A. O. Haugen 180 (MICH); E. G. Voss 6483 (MICH); J. G. Bruce 2426 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4150 (WUD); RGS 411, 587. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and dry sandy fields.
Polygala sanguinea L., field milkwort—RGS 673. Uncommon. Coastal plain marsh.
POLYGONACEAE
*Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, buckwheat—A. O. Haugen 201 (MICH); WSM 1729. Rare. Margins of field.
*Fallopia ×bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J. P. Bailey, Bohemian knotweed—WSM 986. Locally common. Roadside near Bear Creek.
Fallopia cilinodis (Michx.) Holub, fringed false buckwheat—WSM 1498. Rare. Disturbed ground at margin of parking lot.
*Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve, black-bindweed—WSM 891. Uncommon. Fields and borders.
*Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr., Japanese knotweed—RGS 1465; WSM 1300. Uncommon and local. Field borders and roadsides.
Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub., false buckwheat—WSM 896. Common. Disturbed ground.
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delabare var. emersa (Michx.) J. C. Hickman, water smartweed—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 617; WSM 1502. Occasional. Ponds and lakes.
Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delabare var. stipulacea (N. Coleman) H. Hara, water smartweed—D. C. Chandler 151, 180 (MICH); RGS 1162; WSM 1523. Uncommon. Shores.
Persicaria arifolia (L.) Haraldson, tear-thumb—D. L. Allen 2 (MICH); RGS 1175. Occasional. Swamps.
Persicaria careyi (Olney) Greene, Carey’s heartsease—A. A. Reznicek 10961, 11046 (MICH); BSS 3620; D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); WSM 1787. Local. Crooked Lake and vicinity where it is periodically abundant following draw-downs. THREATENED.
Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delabare, water-pepper— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); D. L. Allen 7 (MSC); RGS 629; WSM 951. Occasional. Ponds, wetlands, and disturbed moist ground.
Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small, mild water-pepper— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1818 (MICH); RGS 685. Uncommon. Wetlands and shores.
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delabare, nodding smartweed—RGS 1228; WSM 1295. Occasional. Wetlands and shores.
*Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag., creeping smartweed—BSS 3561. Rare. Roadsides.
*Persicaria maculosa Gray, lady’s-thumb—RGS 538. Occasional. Moist to wet disturbed ground.
Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M. Gómez, pinkweed—G. J. Pierce 1817 (MICH); K. J. Sytsma 411 (WMU); WSM 913. Common. Disturbed open ground.
Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small, smartweed—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); BSS 3556. Occasional. Open wetlands and muddy banks of streams and rivers.
Persicaria sagittata (L.) H. Gross, arrow-leaved tear-thumb—RGS 916. Uncommon. Open wetlands and shores.
Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn., jumpseed— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 927. Common. Swamps and moist forests.
Polygonum achoreum S. F. Blake, smartweed—WSM 1835. Uncommon. Disturbed forest gap.
Polygonum articulatum L., jointweed—E. G. Voss 8188 (MICH); RGS 585. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens and sandy fields.
*Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. aviculare, knotweed—RGS 1083, 1138, 1499. Uncommon. Compacted ground.
Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. buxiforme (Small) Costea & Tardif, knotweed—RGS 1494; WSM 1519. Uncommon. Compacted ground.
*Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. depressum (Meisner) Arcangeli, knotweed— RGS 650, 1087, 1547. Uncommon. Compacted ground.
Polygonum douglasii Greene, western smartweed—A. A. Reznicek 7806 (MICH); G. W. Parmelee 1164 (MSC); WSM 894. Common. Sandy fields.
Polygonum tenue Michx., slender knotweed—M. R. Penskar 1496 (MICH); RGS 460. Uncommon. Sandy fields and blowouts.
*Rumex acetosella L., sheep sorrel—J. K. Hiltunen 4145 (WUD); RGS 508. Common. Dry open ground.
*Rumex conglomeratus Murray, clustered dock—RGS 1423, 1688. Uncommon. Streamlets in Kalamazoo River floodplain. First record for Michigan.
*Rumex crispus L., curly dock—RGS 1018. Common. Fields and roadsides.
*Rumex obtusifolius L., bitter dock—RGS 1073; WSM 1169. Common. Disturbed ground.
Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray, great water dock—WSM 1322. Uncommon. Open wetlands and ditches.
Rumex verticillatus L., water dock—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); WSM 1092. Locally common. Floodplains.
PORTULACACEAE
*Portulaca oleracea L., purslane—RGS 1085, 1102; WSM 857. Common. Compacted open ground.
PRIMULACEAE
Samolus parviflorus Raf., water-pimpernel—RGS 1242, 1760. Uncommon. Mudflats along Kalamazoo River.
RANUNCULACEAE
Actaea pachypoda Elliott, white baneberry—WSM 1005. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd., red baneberry—WSM 833. Rare. Hardwood– conifer swamp.
Anemone canadensis L., Canada anemone—F. W. Stuewer 254 (MICH); RGS 1029. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Anemone cylindrica A. Gray, thimbleweed—A. O. Haugen 196 (MICH); R. W. Pippen 499 (WMU); WSM 971. Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
Anemone quinquefolia L., wood anemone—RGS 689. Common. Forests.
Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana, thimbleweed—RGS 893, 1414. Uncommon. Forest borders and openings.
Aquilegia canadensis L., wild columbine—F. W. Stuewer 249 (MICH); RGS 705. Common. Forests and borders.
Caltha palustris L., marsh-marigold. D. L. Allen 58 (MICH); RGS 677. Common. Mucky wetlands.
Clematis virginiana L., virgin’s bower—P. E. Hebert s.n. (ND); RGS 925. Common. Moist ground in a variety of habitats.
Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb., goldthread—R. McVaugh 11266 (MICH); WSM 775. Uncommon. Hardwood–conifer swamp, southern hardwood swamp, and Swan Creek floodplain.
Enemion biternatum Raf., false rue-anemone—WSM 1062. Local. Mesic forests and terraces in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Hepatica acutiloba DC., sharp-lobed hepatica—WSM 1447. Occasional. Slopes in mesic forest above Kalamazoo River.
Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker Gawl., round-lobed hepatica—RGS 678, 941. Common. Dry forests.
Hydrastis canadensis L., goldenseal—WSM 1643. Local. Mesic forest.
THREATENED.
Ranunculus abortivus L., small-flowered buttercup—RGS 684; WSM 1045. Common. Forests.
*Ranunculus acris L., common buttercup—WSM 1127. Common. Disturbed wetland margins and roadsides.
Ranunculus fascicularis Bigelow, early buttercup—J. M. Lincoln s.n. (MICH); WSM 779. Locally common. Oak–pine barrens and dry sandy openings.
Ranunculus flabellaris Raf., yellow water crowfoot—RGS 977. Local and uncommon. Shallow pools in southern hardwood swamp.
Ranunculus hispidus var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan, swamp buttercup—RGS 690, 1321. Uncommon. Swamp forests.
Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus (Elliott) T. Duncan, swamp buttercup—RGS 1323; WSM 1368. Common. Swamp forests.
Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f., bristly crowfoot—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 1662. Uncommon. Wetlands and shores.
Ranunculus recurvatus Poir., hooked crowfoot—RGS 701, 1334; WSM 1423. Common. Moist forests and swamps.
Ranunculus sceleratus L., cursed crowfoot—RGS 715, 1649; WSM 808. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Avé-Lall., purple meadow-rue—F. W. Stuewer 252 (MICH); RGS 1025; WSM 1121. Frequent. Floodplains, wetlands, and borders.
Thalictrum dioicum L., early meadow-rue—WSM 1055. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin, rue-anemone—RGS 1325. Uncommon. Forests.
RHAMNACEAE
Ceanothus americanus L., New Jersey tea—A. O. Haugen 209 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4267 (WUD); WSM 1240. Uncommon. Sandy fields and openings in dry-mesic northern forest.
*Frangula alnus Mill., glossy buckthorn—RGS 1656. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Rhamnus alnifolia L’Her., alder-leaved buckthorn—RGS 1758; WSM 1134. Uncommon. Wetlands.
*Rhamnus cathartica L., common buckthorn—RGS 1041. Uncommon. Disturbed habitats and roadsides.
ROSACEAE
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr., tall agrimony—WSM 1181. Uncommon. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Agrimonia parviflora Aiton, swamp agrimony—RGS 894; WSM 871. Uncommon. Moist forests and fields.
Agrimonia pubescens Wallr., soft agrimony—RGS 1115. Occasional. Mesic forests and floodplain forest.
Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald, juneberry—RGS 1551; R. McVaugh 11254 (BLH, MICH); WSM 764. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest and borders.
Amelanchier interior Nielsen, serviceberry—A. O. Haugen 188 (MICH); WSM 1068. Uncommon. Margins of dry-mesic northern forest.
Amelanchier laevis Wiegand, smooth shadbush—RGS 1411; WSM 777. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest and borders.
Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC., round-leaved serviceberry—WSM 783. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch, shadbush serviceberry—RGS 1402; WSM 1822. Uncommon and local. Sandy fields.
Aronia prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder, chokeberry—C. W. Bazuin 7876 (ALMA); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); E. G. Voss 3732 (MICH); RGS 980. Uncommon. Bog, coastal plain marsh, and acidic sandy/peaty shores.
*Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai, common flowering quince—WSM 1382. Rare. Sandy, shrubby field.
Comarum palustre L., marsh cinquefoil—C. W. Bazuin 9775 (MICH); D. L. Allen 86 (MICH); WSM 1153. Uncommon. Miner Lake Bog.
Crataegus brainerdii Sarg. var. scabrida (Sarg.) Eggleston, hawthorn—C. W. Bazuin 7449 (MSC). Rare. Along Bear Creek.
Crataegus coccinea L., hawthorn—C. W. Bazuin 7452 (BLH, MSC); RGS 1044; WSM 1073. Uncommon. Roadsides.
Crataegus crus-galli L., cockspur thorn—RGS 1819; WSM 1099. Uncommon. Fields.
Crataegus macrosperma Ashe, hawthorn—RGS 973, 1754. Uncommon. Wetland borders and along streams.
Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele, hawthorn—WSM 988. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
Crataegus pruinosa (H. L. Wendl.) K. Koch, hawthorn—WSM 1825. Uncommon. Oak forests.
Crataegus punctata Jacq., dotted hawthorn— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1109. Uncommon. Sandy levee in floodplain forest along Kalamazoo River.
Drymocallis arguta (Pursh) Rydb., tall cinquefoil—RGS 659. Uncommon. Dry sandy ground.
Fragaria virginiana Mill., wild strawberry—R. McVaugh 11258 (MICH); WSM 1028. Common. Fields and forest borders.
Geum aleppicum Jacq., yellow avens—RGS 1808. Uncommon. Moist fields.
Geum canadense Jacq., white avens—RGS 537; W. T. Gillis, Jr. 13362 (MSC). Common. Moist forests.
*Geum urbanum L., avens—BSS 3530. Local. Ruderal forests.
*Kerria japonica (L.) DC., Japanese rose—WSM 1656. Rare. Escape in disturbed forest.
*Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Siberian crab—RGS 961, 1345, 1492, 1701, 1778. Uncommon. Fields, borders, and forest gaps.
Malus coronaria (L.) Mill., American crab—RGS 1338; WSM 1078. Uncommon. Forests and openings.
*Malus pumila Mill., apple—RGS 1330; WSM 1213. Uncommon. Fields.
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim., ninebark—RGS 1064, 1738; WSM 1020. Uncommon. Streambanks and swamp forests.
*Potentilla argentea L., silvery cinquefoil—WSM 1104. Rare. Parking area.
*Potentilla indica (Andrews) T. Wolf, Indian-strawberry—WSM 1654. Rare and local. Border of floodplain forest.
Potentilla norvegica L., rough cinquefoil—RGS 654, 1259. Uncommon. Fields and disturbed moist ground.
*Potentilla recta L., rough-fruited cinquefoil—A. O. Haugen 182 (MICH); RGS 517. Uncommon. Sandy fields, oak–pine barrens, and roadsides.
Potentilla simplex Michx., old-field cinquefoil—E. G. Voss 6490 (MICH); RGS 373, 535, 759. Uncommon. Fields and oak–pine barrens.
Prunus americana Marshall, American wild plum—RGS 953; WSM 1826. Rare. Margin of floodplain forest.
*Prunus avium (L.) L., sweet cherry—RGS 1326; WSM 1057. Uncommon. Forest openings and borders.
Prunus pensylvanica L. f., fire cherry—R. McVaugh 11261 (MICH); WSM 1069. Uncommon. Successional forests and fields.
Prunus pumila L. var. susquehanae (Willd.) Jaeger, sand cherry—A. A. Reznicek 12430 (MICH); RGS 1340. Uncommon and local. Margins of wet-mesic sand prairie.
Prunus serotina Ehrh., wild black cherry—WSM 956. Common. Forests, fields, and roadsides.
Prunus virginiana L., choke cherry—RGS 766, 1017. Common. Forest borders and roadsides.
*Pyrus calleryana Decne., callery pear—WSM 1806. Rare. Old field.
*Pyrus communis L., common pear—WSM 785, 936. Locally abundant. Fields.
Rosa carolina L. subsp. carolina, pasture rose—A. O. Haugen 186 (BLH, MICH); C. W. Bazuin 7872 (BLH); RGS 472, 801; R. W. Pippen 518 (WMU). Common. Oak–pine barrens, forest borders, and roadsides. [C. W. Bazuin 7872 and R. W. Pippen 518 have not been determined to subspecies and are placed here for convenience.]
Rosa carolina L. subsp. subserrulata (Rydb.) W. H. Lewis, pasture rose— RGS 1653. Rare and local. Wooded bluff.
*Rosa centifolia L., cabbage rose—WSM 1666. Rare. Border of successional forest.
*Rosa multiflora Murray, multiflora rose—WSM 842. Locally common. Openings and fields.
Rosa ×palustriformis Rydb., hybrid swamp rose—RGS 1237. Uncommon. Margin of southern hardwood swamp.
Rosa palustris Marshall, swamp rose—C. W. Bazuin 7886 (BLH); RGS 920, 1464; WSM 1700 (f. inermis [Regel] W. H. Lewis). Common. Wetlands and shores.
*Rosa rubiginosa L., sweetbrier—J. A. Churchill, M.D. s.n. (MSC). Rare. Sandy field.
Rubus allegheniensis Porter, common blackberry—WSM 1112. Common. Fields and borders.
Rubus flagellaris Willd., northern dewberry—J. A. Churchill, M.D. s.n. (MSC); WSM 1087. Common. Fields and forests.
Rubus hispidus L., swamp dewberry—C. W. Bazuin 9770 (MICH); J. K. Hiltunen 4286 (WUD); WSM 1158. Common. Shaded wetlands and moist fields.
Rubus occidentalis L., black raspberry—WSM 959. Common. Fields and thickets.
*Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim., wine raspberry—WSM 1832. Rare. Forest border.
Rubus pubescens Raf., dwarf raspberry—RGS 765, 808, 963. Frequent. Swamps.
Rubus strigosus Michx., wild red raspberry—RGS 718. Occasional. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
*Sorbus aucuparia L., European mountain-ash—WSM 1079. Rare. Forests.
Spiraea alba Du Roi var. alba, meadowsweet—G. J. Pierce 2424 (MICH); RGS 415. Common. Open wetlands and shores.
*Spiraea prunifolia Siebold & Zucc., bridal-wreath—RGS 1564; WSM 1635. Uncommon and local. Fields and successional forests near former homesteads.
Spiraea tomentosa L., steeplebush—E. G. Voss 8168 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 2425 (MICH); RGS 416. Common. Wet-mesic sand prairie, borders of coastal plain marsh, and shores.
RUBIACEAE
Cephalanthus occidentalis L., buttonbush—RGS 630. Frequent. Wetlands and shores.
Galium aparine L., cleavers—RGS 708. Common. Disturbed forests.
Galium asprellum Michx., rough bedstraw—WSM 1247. Frequent. Open wetlands and swamps.
Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand, short-stalked bedstraw—RGS 1158. Rare. North shore of Round Lake.
Galium circaezans Michx., white wild licorice—RGS 643, 730. Uncommon. Dry forests.
Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray, shining bedstraw—RGS 1210. Uncommon. Forests.
Galium labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand, bog bedstraw—RGS 800. Uncommon. Bog and coastal plain marsh.
Galium lanceolatum Torr., yellow wild licorice—G. W. Parmelee 1676 (MSC); RGS 729. Uncommon. Forests.
Galium obtusum Bigelow, wild madder— C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH); RGS 756, 1024. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
Galium palustre L., marsh bedstraw—F. W. Stuewer 258 (MICH); RGS 1010; WSM 1175. Common. Floodplains, open wetlands, and shores.
Galium pilosum Aiton, hairy bedstraw—G. W. Parmelee 1153 (MICH); P. W. Thompson M-1927 (BLH); RGS 409, 426. Common. Open oak forests and sandy open ground.
Galium tinctorium L., stiff bedstraw—RGS 1383, 1399. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Galium trifidum L., small bedstraw—RGS 758. Uncommon. Shores and streambanks.
Galium triflorum Michx., fragrant bedstraw— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 731, 770, 1187. Common. Wetlands and streambanks.
Houstonia canadensis Willd., bluets—T. J. Bassett 5052 (WMU). Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
Houstonia longifolia Gaertn., long-leaved bluets—RGS 1354; R. W. Pippen 514 (WMU). Uncommon. Oak–pine barrens.
Mitchella repens L., partridge-berry—RGS 632. Common. Forests.
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill., prickly-ash— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 947. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
SALICACEAE
*Populus alba L., white poplar—RGS 796; WSM 1018. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
Populus deltoides Marshall, cottonwood—WSM 844. Common. Floodplain forest, fields, and roadsides.
Populus grandidentata Michx., big-tooth aspen—RGS 942; WSM 966. Common. Dry forests and fields.
Populus tremuloides Michx., quaking aspen—WSM 927. Common. Dry forests and fields.
Salix amygdaloides Andersson, peach-leaved willow—WSM 1529. Uncommon. Rich forests, wetlands, and shores.
*Salix atrocinerea Brot., large gray willow—RGS 1746, 1777. Rare. Wetland margins.
Salix bebbiana Sarg., beaked willow—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 1818. Uncommon. Open areas in Big Dailey Bayou and Miner Lake Bog.
Salix candida Willd., hoary willow—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). Rare. Big Dailey Bayou. No recent collections but species was reported from this location by Schaddelee (1975).
Salix discolor Muhl. var. discolor, pussy willow—RGS 710, 719, 720, 1571. Common. Wetlands and wet ditches.
Salix discolor Muhl. var. latifolia Andersson, pussy willow—WSM 1442. Uncommon. Wetlands and ditches.
Salix eriocephala Michx., willow—WSM 846. Uncommon. Wetlands and ditches.
*Salix ×fragilis L., hybrid crack willow—WSM 1219. Uncommon. Swamp margin.
Salix humilis Marshall, prairie willow—RGS 1339; R. McVaugh 11249 (BLH, MICH); WSM 1290. Uncommon. Seasonally damp sandy ground including wet-mesic sand prairie.
Salix interior Rowlee, sandbar willow—WSM 843, 1467, 1485 (f. wheeleri [Rowley] C. Reed). Common. Wetlands, ditches, and shores.
Salix lucida Muhl., shining willow—WSM 1470. Uncommon. Wetlands, ditches, and shores.
Salix myricoides Muhl., blueleaf willow—A. A. Reznicek 12431 (MICH); WSM 1293. Uncommon. Wet-mesic sand prairie and upper margins of coastal plain marsh.
Salix nigra Marshall, black willow—WSM 1245. Common. Floodplain forest.
Salix pedicellaris Pursh, bog willow—BSS 3549. Occasional. Miner Lake Bog.
Salix petiolaris Sm., slender willow—RGS 987, 1557, 1558; WSM 1292. Common. Wetlands and ditches.
Salix sericea Marshall, silky willow— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 1352. Uncommon. Shrubby meadow on shore of Round Lake.
SANTALACEAE
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt., bastard-toadflax—RGS 362. Common. Oak– pine barrens and sandy fields.
SAPINDACEAE
*Acer ginnala Maxim., Amur maple—WSM 1834. Rare. Disturbed forest border.
Acer negundo L., box-elder—WSM 934. Common. Floodplain forest, successional forests, and roadsides.
Acer nigrum F. Michx., black maple—WSM 993. Occasional. Mesic forests, especially along Kalamazoo River.
*Acer platanoides L., Norway maple—WSM 1033. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Acer rubrum L., red maple—D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); WSM 958. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Acer saccharinum L., silver maple—RGS 1732; WSM 984, 1071. Locally abundant. Floodplain forest.
Acer saccharum Marshall, sugar maple—J. M. Lincoln 110 (MICH); WSM 1000. Common. Mesic forests.
SARRACENIACEAE
Sarracenia purpurea L., pitcher-plant—R. W. Pippen 724 (WMU); WSM 1152. Local. Bog and hardwood–conifer swamp.
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Chrysosplenium americanum Hook., golden saxifrage—RGS 948; R. McVaugh 11268 (MICH); WSM 755. Uncommon. Seeps, swamps, and floodplains.
Micranthes pensylvanica (L.) Haw., swamp saxifrage—RGS 717; WSM 1089. Uncommon. Wetlands.
Mitella diphylla L., bishop’s-cap—R. McVaugh 11267 (MICH); WSM 791. Uncommon. Floodplain forest and hardwood–conifer swamp.
Mitella nuda L., naked miterwort—WSM 717. Common. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Scrophularia lanceolata Small, early figwort—K. J. Sytsma 69 (WMU); WSM 1436. Common. Dry-mesic northern forest.
Scrophularia marilandica L., late figwort—WSM 1189. Uncommon. Floodplain forest.
*Verbascum blattaria L., moth mullein—F. W. Stuewer 245 (MICH); RGS 1401 (f. erubescens Brügger); WSM 1685. Locally common. Fields and roadsides.
*Verbascum phlomoides L., clasping-leaved mullein—WSM 1448. Local. Fields.
*Verbascum thapsus L., common mullein—A. O. Haugen 211 (MICH); WSM 939. Frequent. Fields and roadsides.
SIMAROUBACEAE
*Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, tree-of-heaven—WSM 1318. Locally common. Disturbed mixed successional forest.
SOLANACEAE
*Datura stramonium L., jimson-weed—WSM 907. Rare. Margins of grassy field.
*Lycium barbarum L., matrimony-vine—A. O. Haugen 20 (MICH). The single record dates to 1938.
Physalis heterophylla Nees, clammy ground-cherry— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 937. Uncommon. Disturbed ground.
Physalis longifolia Nutt., long-leaved ground-cherry—WSM 910. Common. Field borders.
Physalis virginiana Mill., Virginia ground-cherry—WSM 847. Rare. Field borders.
*Solanum carolinense L., horse-nettle—RGS 531. Common. Disturbed open ground.
*Solanum dulcamara L., bittersweet nightshade—WSM 1183. Common. Wetlands.
*Solanum lycopersicum L., tomato—WSM 1800. Rare. Sandy peat on shore.
Solanum ptychanthum Dunal, black nightshade—RGS 536. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground and receding shores.
STAPHYLEACEAE
Staphylea trifolia L., bladdernut—WSM 799. Common. Floodplain forest.
ULMACEAE
Ulmus americana L., American elm—RGS 1577; WSM 1120. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
*Ulmus pumila L., Siberian elm—WSM 1452. Uncommon. Roadsides.
Ulmus rubra Muhl., slippery elm— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 991. Uncommon. Forests.
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw., false nettle— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); D. R. Juberg s.n. (MICH); RGS 871, 913. Common. Wetlands.
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd., wood nettle— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 963. Common. Wet forests and thickets.
Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb., bog clearweed—RGS 1272; WSM 1339. Common. Wetlands and streambanks.
Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray, clearweed—E. G. Voss 8165 (MICH); RGS 1249. Common. Floodplain forest and other moist wooded habitats.
Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander, stinging nettle—WSM 911. Common. Open wetlands.
VALERIANACEAE – see CAPRIFOLIACEAE VERBENACEAE
Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene, fog-fruit—RGS 1448; WSM 1253. Uncommon. Kalamazoo River floodplain and banks of ponds.
*Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr., creeping vervain—RGS 1082, 1739; WSM 1207. Common. Compacted open ground.
Verbena hastata L., blue vervain—D. L. Allen s.n. (MSC); RGS 863, 1822; WSM 1727. RGS 1822 and WSM 1727 are f. rosea (Coleman) R. H. Cheney. Common. Wetlands, ditches, and shores.
*Verbena stricta Vent., hoary vervain—WSM 1211. Locally common. Field borders and roadsides.
Verbena urticifolia L., white vervain— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 546, 546a. Common. Openings and forest borders.
VIOLACEAE
*Viola arvensis Murray, field pansy—WSM 784. Uncommon. Sandy fields.
Viola blanda Willd. var. palustriformis A. Gray, sweet white violet—D. L. Allen 60 (MICH); R. McVaugh 11262 (MICH); WSM 832. Local. Hardwood–conifer swamp.
Viola cucullata Aiton, marsh violet—RGS 703; WSM 1077. Common. Wetlands and streambanks.
Viola labradorica Schrank, dog violet— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); RGS 962; R. McVaugh 11263 (MICH); WSM 758. Common. Moist forests and swamps.
Viola lanceolata L., lance-leaved violet—E. G. Voss 3734 (MICH); G. J. Pierce 1452 (MICH); RGS 246; S. J. Mazzer s.n. (MICH). Common. Coastal plain marsh and shores.
Viola macloskeyi F. E. Lloyd subsp. pallens (DC.) M. S. Baker, smooth white violet—RGS 1556, 1559; WSM 1628. Uncommon and local. Hardwood– conifer swamp and southern shrub-carr.
Viola nephrophylla Greene, northern bog violet—N. G. Miller & K. W. Tan 3901 (MSC). Miner Lake Bog.
*Viola odorata L., English violet—WSM 1539, 1627. Locally common. Disturbed ground. WSM 1627 is f. albiflora (Pancic) Niketic.
Viola pedata L., birdfoot violet—R. McVaugh 11247 (MICH); WSM 1070. Common. Oak–pine barrens, sandy fields, and roadsides.
Viola pubescens Aiton, yellow violet—RGS 949; WSM 759. Common. Forests.
Viola rostrata Pursh, long-spurred violet—WSM 1051. Uncommon. Mesic forests.
Viola sagittata Aiton var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, arrow-leaved violet—J. R. Wells & P. W. Thompson 3950 (BLH); RGS 473; R. McVaugh 11248 (BLH, MICH). Common. Oak–pine barrens.
Viola sagittata Aiton var. sagittata, arrow-leaved violet—WSM 1528. Locally common. Wet-mesic sand prairie.
Viola sororia Willd., common blue violet—RGS 688, 950; R. McVaugh 11264 (MICH). Common. Forests.
Viola striata Aiton, cream violet—RGS 1023; WSM 1059. Locally common. Floodplain forest.
*Viola tricolor L., Johnny-jump-up—RGS 686; WSM 753. Uncommon. Disturbed open ground.
VITACEAE
Parthenocissus inserta (A. Kern.) Fritsch, thicket creeper—WSM 1166. Rare. Margin of successional forest.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Virginia creeper—RGS 926. Common. Forests.
Vitis aestivalis Michx., summer grape— C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH); WSM 969. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Vitis labrusca L., fox grape—WSM 868. Uncommon. Forest borders.
Vitis riparia Michx., river-bank grape—A. O. Haugen 202 (MICH); RGS 1011. Common. Occurs in a variety of habitats.
Vitis vulpina L., frost grape—BSS 3513, 3531. Occasional. Floodplain forest and borders, Kalamazoo River Bottomlands Area. SPECIAL CONCERN.
APPENDIX B. SPECIES EXCLUDED FROM THE FLORA OF ALLEGAN STATE GAME AREA.
The following is a checklist of vascular plant species that have been collected from the vicinity of Allegan State Game Area but have not been confirmed as native or spontaneous components of the Allegan State Game Area flora. See Appendix A for a description of the checklist structure.
MONOCOTS
JUNCACEAE
Juncus acuminatus Michx., sharp-fruited rush—RGS 1697. Collected from shoreline of man-made pond that had been seeded.
Juncus torreyi Coville, Torrey’s rush—RGS 1705, 1707. Collected from a remediation area along the Kalamazoo River.
ORCHIDACEAE
Corallorhiza maculata Raf., spotted coral-root—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). “Edge of tamarack swamp, under oak, on hillside” at New Richmond.
EUDICOTS
APIACEAE
Sanicula trifoliata E. P. Bicknell, black snakeroot—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). Wooded ravines and hills at New Richmond.
ASTERACEAE
*Eupatorium serotinum Michx., late boneset—RGS 1729, 1737. Collected from a seeded remediation site on the north bank of the Kalamazoo River.
Vernonia ×illinoensis Gleason, hybrid ironweed—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). “Marsh near oak banks” at New Richmond.
BORAGINACEAE
*Cynoglossum officinale L., hound’s-tongue—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). New Richmond.
BRASSICACEAE
Lepidium densiflorum Schrad, small peppergrass—RGS 1088. Fragmentary specimen discarded by MICH.
ERICACEAE
Orthilia secunda (L.) House, one-sided pyrola—C. H. Kauffman s.n., two specimens (MICH). Under hemlocks along Kalamazoo River at New Richmond.
FABACEAE
Desmodium cuspidatum (Willd.) Loud., smooth-bracted tick-trefoil—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). “Frequent” at New Richmond.
LAMIACEAE
*Monarda citriodora Lag., lemon bee balm—RGS 1740. Collected from staging area adjacent to seeded remediation site.
POLEMONIACEAE
*Ipomopsis rubra (L.) Wherry, standing-cypress—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). Noted as an escape on sandy ground at New Richmond.
ROSACEAE
Geum triflorum Pursh, prairie-smoke—L. A. Kenoyer s.n., two specimens (WMU). Collected in 1930 and 1932 from what was described as “sandy lake plain” and “sand plain,” presumably in the vicinity of Allegan State Game Area but mislabeled on one of the specimens as occurring three miles east of the City of Allegan. See text. THREATENED.
Rubus frondosus Bigelow, dewberry—C. H. Kauffman s.n. (MICH). “Hillsides among swamp” along Kalamazoo River.