Introduction

Religious minority groups often encounter discrimination and barriers in accessing healthcare. Muslim women in the United States face distinct challenges shaped by religious and gendered dynamics. While individual studies have identified such obstacles, no comprehensive synthesis captures the breadth of their experiences. This review examines existing research on these challenges and identifies opportunities to advance culturally competent, equitable care for Muslim women in the United States.

Methods

A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Embase with the search terms: healthcare, female, women, care, experience, challenges, Islam, Muslim, barriers. Eligible studies were published within the past 10 years, focused on Muslim women in the United States, and examined barriers to accessing or receiving care. Exclusion criteria included non-research articles, reviews, and studies conducted outside the U.S. A thematic analysis synthesized findings to characterize healthcare challenges faced by Muslim women.

Results

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Five subthemes emerged: (1) Modesty, Religiosity, and Delayed Care – Women with higher levels of modesty and religiosity were more likely to delay care, particularly when female providers were unavailable. (2) Lack of Cultural Sensitivity – Participants reported that their healthcare preferences and religious needs were often overlooked; those visibly Muslim frequently described discrimination. (3) Stigma Associated with Sexual and Reproductive Health – Barriers included limited knowledge, denial of risk, and underestimation of sexually transmitted infection severity, compounded by confidentiality concerns and fear of provider judgment. (4) Immigrant-Specific Challenges – Immigrant Muslim women experienced language barriers and limited knowledge of preventive screening, such as breast and cervical cancer testing. (5) Feelings of Otherness – Women often felt like outsiders in the U.S. healthcare system, reporting that their identities and perspectives were not understood.

Conclusion

Few studies have explored the healthcare experiences of Muslim women in the U.S., particularly when providers are unfamiliar with their religious practices. This review highlights challenges including delayed care, lack of cultural sensitivity, reproductive health stigma, immigrant-specific barriers, and feelings of otherness. Further research across specialties is needed to address gaps and inform interventions. These findings underscore the importance of culturally competent care that acknowledges religious and cultural needs to promote equity for Muslim women patients.