Dear Readers,

It is with great pleasure that we present this year’s issue of the University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, which is the result of months of dedication, intellectual curiosity, and hard work from both the talented undergraduate scholars and our staff. Our mission at University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal is to give students the opportunity to present and publish their research. In collaboration with faculty members at the University of Michigan, our staff carefully accepts, reviews, and edits submissions to our journal. The collaboration among authors, editors, and faculty members ensures that each piece of research is at its highest quality.

We are excited to showcase research from life sciences, social sciences, math, physics, and humanities in this issue. As editors, it is our privilege to witness the intellectual growth and academic excellence of our contributors. We hope that our journal serves not only as a platform for showcasing individual achievements but also as a catalyst for inspiring others to embark on their own research journeys.

Sincerely,